Since 2017 Toshiba has continued the development of a second generation Lithium-ion Battery (LIB) type using Niobium Titanium Oxide (NTO)(aka titaniumniobate (TNO)). NTO is composed of TiNb2O7 . NTO’s energy density (160-200Wh/kg?) is twice that of Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO). NTO also has longer charge/discharge cycle life (5000 cycles?) and has higher stability than LTO. In June 2018 Toshiba announcedit had made a deal with a Brazilian mining company to mass produce NTO in 2020 (also see https://www.energytrend.com/news/20180627-12359.html).
While European countries have made statements that they are developing LIBs for submarines, Japan has made concrete progress. Japan has actually launched a medium-large conventional submarine (the Oryu) with LIBs. This will give regional superiority (compared to other SSKs) to the Oryu and the Japanese LIBs submarines that follow it.
TABLE 2. SORYU & Oyashio Program as at December 17, 2018
Thankyou Anonymous (further translation by Pete).
NTO’s energy density and cycle life is also reportedly superior to Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP). LFP, that Europe’s SAFT is developing, has an energy density of 90-120kWh/kg and cycle life of 1000-2000) .
[ See this good Niobium in LIBs website (which, on its last page, favourably compares NTO (aka TNO) with LTO, NCA and LFP. Complete string https://www.cbmm.com/-/media/CBMM/Resource-Center/PDFs/Mobility---Mobilidade/Niobium-in-Li-Ion-Batteries.ashx ]
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The two main First Generation LIBs for submarine that Japan has been developing are:
NCA– (Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide) produced by Japanese company GS Yuasa. This is the LIB type in the Oryu. Oryu is a Soryu Mark 2 (aka Mk. II) (see TABLE 1. and 2. below). NCA has high energy density, but has a relatively short cycle life and less stability, and
LTO(Lithium Titanate Oxide) produced by Toshiba. Following Japan’s policy of continual evolution in submarines the Japanese Ministry of Defence (MoD) is developing a next generation LIB known as LTO. LTO LIBs will be smaller and more efficient than current NCA LIBs. Studies are being made in FY2017 and 2018. LTO’s are being developed in a Aus$1 billion program 2019 to 2023. Also, new silent [electromagnetic?] propulsion is to be developed. LTO and silent propulsion may be applied to Soryu Mark 3s or a new submarine class to follow the Soryu [see TABLE 2.]. Japan proposed LTO LIBs in Australia’s submarine competition (CEP, SEA 1000). LTO features has a longer cycle life and higher stability, but this is at the expense of low energy density.
Further details on NCA and LTO are at these 2 Submarine Matters article (here and here) both of October 17, 2018.
TABLE 1. LIBS BY GENERATION (provided by Anonymous)
Name and abbreviation | Composition and abbreviation | Energy density [kW/kg] (theoretical) | Note | |
First Generation LIBs | Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide NCA | LiNiCoAlO2 or NCA | 260 | On Soryus Oryu (27SS) & 28SS. From Japan's GS Yuasa |
Lithium Cobalt Oxide | LiCoO2 or LCO | 200 (1014) | Shinkai 6500 | |
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide | LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC | 200 | ||
Lithium Manganese Oxide | LiMn2O4 or LMO | 140 (410) | Proto-type by JMSDF | |
Lithium Iron Phosphate LFP | LiFePO4 LFP LFYP in China is family of LFP. | 120 (575) | China. Separately SAFT | |
Lithium titanate LTO | Li4Ti5O12 or LTO | 80 | Toshiba. Offered to Aus in CEP | |
LABs | LAB | 40 | ||
LSBs | Lithium-sulfur LSB | Li2S3 LSB | theoretically about (2500) | |
Second Generation LIBs | Lithium Ion Silicate | Li2FeSiO4 | (1584) | High Safety, low cycle performance |
Lithium Manganese Silicate | Li2MnSiO4 | (1485) | High Safety, low cycle performance | |
| Niobium Titanium Oxide NTO | TiNb2O7 NTO | 160-200Wh/kg? | Toshiba |
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TABLE 2. SORYU & Oyashio Program as at December 17, 2018
SS No. Diesel Type Motor | Build No Name | Pennant No. | MoF approved amount ¥ Billions FY | LABs, LIBs, AIP | Laid Down | Laun -ched | Commi ssioned | Built By |
5SS Oyashio | 8105 Oyashio | SS-590/ TS3608 | ¥52.2B FY1993 | LABs only | Jan 1994 | Oct 1996 | Mar 1998 | KHI |
6SS-15SS Oyashios 10 subs SMC-7? | 8106 -8115 various | SS-591-600 | ¥52.2B per sub FY1994-FY2003 | LABs only | 15SS Feb 2004 | 15SS Nov 2006 | 15SS Mar 2008 | MHI & KHI |
16SS Soryu Mk 1 SMC-8 | 8116 Sōryū | SS-501 | ¥60B FY2004 | LABs + AIP | Mar 2005 | Dec 2007 | Mar 2009 | MHI |
17SS | 8117 Unryū | SS-502 | ¥58.7B FY2005 | LABs + AIP | Mar 2006 | Oct 2008 | Mar 2010 | KHI |
18SS | 8118 Hakuryū | SS-503 | ¥56.2 FY2006 | LABs + AIP | Feb 2007 | Oct 2009 | Mar 2011 | MHI |
19SS | 8119 Kenryū | SS-504 | ¥53B FY2007 | LABs + AIP | Mar 2008 | Nov 2010 | Mar 2012 | KHI |
20SS | 8120 Zuiryū | SS-505 | ¥51B FY2008 | LABs + AIP | Mar 2009 | Oct 2011 | Mar 2013 | MHI |
No 21SS | No 21SS built | |||||||
22SS | 8121 Kokuryū | SS-506 | ¥52.8B FY2010 | LABs + AIP | Jan 2011 | Oct 2013 | Mar 2015 | KHI |
23SS | 8122 Jinryu | SS-507 | ¥54.6B FY2011 | LABs + AIP | Feb 2012 | Oct 2014 | 7 Mar 2016 | MHI |
24SS | 8123 Sekiryū | SS-508 | ¥54.7B FY2012 | LABs + AIP | KHI | |||
25SS | 8124 | SS-509 | ¥53.1B FY2013 | LABs + AIP | 22 Oct 2013 | 12 Oct 2016 | MHI | |
26SS end of SMC-8s | 8125 | SS-510 | LABs + AIP | 2014 | 6 Nov 2017 | Mar 2019? | KHI | |
27SS First Soryu Mark 2 diesel first SMC-8B motor | 8126 | SS-511 | LIBs only (NCA type) | 2015 | 4 Oct 2018 | Mar 2020? | MHI | |
28SS Second Soryu Mark 2 SMC-8B | 8127 | SS-512 | ¥63.6B FY2016 | LIBs only (NCA type?) | 2016? | Oct 2019? | Mar 2021? | KHI |
29SS First Soryu Mark 3 SMC-9? | 8128 | ? | ¥76B FY2017 | LIBs only? | ? | ? | 2023? | MHI? |
30SS Second Soryu Mk 3 | 8029? | ? | ¥71.5B FY2018 | LIBs only? | ? | ? | 2024? | KHI? |
Table from information exclusively provided to Submarine Matters. LABs = lead-acid batteries, AIP = air independent propulsion, LIBs = Lithium-ion Batteries. ¥***B = Billion Yen. MHI = Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, KHI = Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation of Kawasaki Heavy Industries.
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Thankyou Anonymous (further translation by Pete).