Anonymous has produced an excellent and huge study of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for submarines. This has involved summarising specifications, advantages and other LIBs qualities based on recent information in Submarine Matters and Anonymous's own estimates. In this exercise Anonymous has generated new insights.
This whole exercise is the first draft of a tool that will be refined and revised to increase the body of information and understanding of LIBs for submarine.
Summary
(of possible adoption of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) in future submarine classes)
This whole exercise is the first draft of a tool that will be refined and revised to increase the body of information and understanding of LIBs for submarine.
Some of the most interesting data and estimates concerns Chinese and Russian submarines (see the parts highlighted in yellow or redded).
In this first draft some graphical matter and illustrations created by Anonymous and sent to me in word.doc could not be transferred into blogger .html language. Over time we will find ways to get around this problem.
Much of the most useful detail is in Tables 2. 3. and 4.
Much of the most useful detail is in Tables 2. 3. and 4.
(of possible adoption of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) in future submarine classes)
§ In current AIP submarine [which have Lead-acid Batteries (LABs) the energy of LABs is considerably lower than for non-AIP submarines (like Soryu/29SS) which will have LIBs]. Soryu/29SS will show best performance at high speed (see Table 4).
§ The LIBs in future South Korean 2000t (eg. the DSME 2000) and 3000t (eg. the KSS-III Batch 2) subs will generate higher energy at ever lower costs. The 2000t submarine will become a strong competitor of the future Type 214 (which may have LIBs).
§ In the TKMS Type 212CD and Italian built Type 212NFS, non magnetic hulls and minimal magnetic field created by batteries will be important. For those subs the width of battery groups will be narrow to make variation of vertical position of battery groups small.
§ Australia’s future Attack-class may adopt bigger battery groups than Type 212CDs. If Naval Group fully adopts LIBs in the early 2020s, then possible Naval Group Shortfin-for-Walrus-replacement and future LIB-Scorpene may precede an Attack class equipped with LIBs – with all Naval Group classes adopting the same LIBs battery groups. If the future Attack-class retains LABs then this may be a waste of time and money.
§ Numbers and energy (192 pieces, 6.1MWh) of LIBs for China’s Yuan 039B is significantly smaller than reported figures (960 pieces, 32MWh). WB-LYP10000AHA shows excellent performance as Iron Phosphate based battery.
§ Energy level of LIBs (if adopted) for Russia's Lada/Amur-class may be the same as Western counterparts. [This is noting that Russia has made so little progress with AIP (for Ladas/Amurs in 20 years) that Russia may upgrade future Ladas/Amurs with LIBs instead.]
§ SAAB-DAMEN may well be equipped with bigger [heavier] LIBs to satisfy Netherlands Navy requirements [for more energy in its 3,000 ton A26s to replace the Walrus's] .
§ Currently, safety (=no hydrogen generation) and better maintenance of LIBs are emphasized rather than increase in energy except Soryu/29SS (see SORYU TABLE).
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Figure 1. (below)
Port | ||||||||||||||||||||
Direct connection of battery groups | Parallel connection of battery strings | |||||||||||||||||||
Starboard | ||||||||||||||||||||
Table 1. Definition of terms
Term | Definition |
Battery | A parallel circuit composed of battery groups (blue area surrounded by double solid lines in Fig.1) |
Battery string | A series of battery groups; |
Battery group | A parallel circuit composed of battery lines (blue area surrounded by single solid lines in Fig.1), |
Battery line | A series circuit composed of individual battery cells |
A submarine has one battery or two battery compartments. Favorable numbers of battery groups and battery strings are multiples of four (4, 6, 12, etc.) for minimization of indiscrete stray magnetic fields [that enemy sensors may detect. Stray fields may also adversely effect electrical/electronic equipment in a submarine.] Figure 1 is a battery consisted of 10 battery. [Pete had to cut out 8 strings to fit on page...Gomen'nasai!] strings where a battery string consists of 8 battery groups.
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Table 2. Lithium ion battery cells for LIB-submarine
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Table 3. Lithium ion battery modules (single module) for LIB-submarine
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Figures 2. to 7.
Noting some graphics (like circles) were lost - as they are unfortunately incompatible with blogger html software language.
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Table 2. Lithium ion battery cells for LIB-submarine
(rev 2)
Lithium ion battery cells are listed in Table 2. The battery cells of FAAM and SAFT are square and others are cylindrical. Square battery cells shows higher efficiency than cylindrical ones. Polymer (PO), LFP (lithium ion phosphate) and ITO show higher safety. The best battery cell of the manufacturer is used for submarine.
SAMSUNG SDI shows high performance and excellent price by adopting commercial battery cells for EV [what is EV?]. As a reference, Russian latest square type cell (Liotech, LT-LFP72) is introduced. Energy density of LT-LYP (Yttrium added LFP)770 is lower than LT-LFP72[14].
Cell name | Make | Type | D | W | H or L | Weight | Voltage | Capacity | Energy density | Ref |
mm | mm | mm | kg | V | Ah | Wh/kg | ||||
SLPB160460330H | Kokam [South Korea, eg] | NMC PO (*1) | 14.8 | 462 | 327 | 4.58 | 3.7 | 200 | 164 | 1 |
SLPB160460330 | Kokam | NMC PO | 15.8 | 462 | 327 | 4.51 | 3,7 | 240 | 197 | 1 |
94Ah | SAMSUNG SDI | Prismatic NCM | 45 | 173 | 125 | 2.01 | 3.68 | 94 | 174 | 4 |
111Ah | SAMSUNG SDI | Prismatic NCM | 45 | 173 | 125 | 2.01 | 3.68 | 111 | 204 | 5,6 |
- | FAAM | LFP | 63 (*2) | - | 225 | 1.51 | 3.2 | 65 | 139 | 7 |
- | GS-YUASA | NCA | - | - | - | - | 3.6 | - | 250 (*2) | |
SCiB™ 20Ah | Toshiba | LTO | 22 | 116 | 106 | 0.515 | 2.38 | 20 | 89.3 | 8 |
SCiB™ 23Ah | Toshiba | LTO | 22 | 116 | 106 | 0.55 | 2.38 | 23 | 96.1 | 8 |
VL56E (*2) | SAFT | LFP | 54.1 (*3) | - | 244 (*4) | 1.17 | 3.3 | 56 | 158 | 10 |
LT-LFP 72 (*5) | Liotech | LFP | 135 | 30 | 222 | = or less than 1.8 | 3.2 | 72 | 130 | 14 |
*1 Lithium polymer battery
*2 Diameter
*3 Estimation by using general data
*4 Estimation by using SAFT VL48E and VL52LE
*5 The third generation LFP. Liotech is Russian Lithium ion battery maker.----------
Table 3. Lithium ion battery modules (single module) for LIB-submarine
(rev 2 - By Anonymous December 16, 2019)
Pete has removed the < and replaced with less than. As < unfortunately confuses the .html language.
Pete has removed the < and replaced with less than. As < unfortunately confuses the .html language.
Various factors including diameter of submarine hatch, curvature of pressure hull, dimension and location of batteries, numbers of battery groups and battery modules (4, 8, 12, etc.), and size and performance of battery cell are considered to decide architecture of battery modules.
Details of SAFT-TKMS battery group are not reported, but, its footprint is expected to resemble FAAM battery group. SAFT-NAVAL battery group is hypothetical model based on SAFT-TKMS battery group.
Module name | Make | Cell name | Cell | D | W | H | Weight | Voltage | Capacity | Energy | Ref |
number- | mm | mm | mm | kg | V | Ah | kWh | ||||
Green Orca | Floattech | SLPB160460330H | 14 | 542 | 335 | 541 | 82 | 51.8 | 200 | 10.3 | 2 |
Green Orca | Floattech | SLPB160460330 | 14 | 542 | 335 | 541 | 80 | 51.8 | 240 | 12.4 | 3 |
M8994 E2 (*1) | 94Ah | 24 | 370 | 588 | 160 | less than 60 | 88.3 | 94 | 8.39 | 5,6 | |
E3-090 | SAMSUNG SDI | 111Ah | 24 | 370 | 588 | 160 | less than 60 | 88.3 | 111 | 9.91 | 5,6 |
- | FAAM | - | 24 | 252 | 378 | 225 | less than 36 | 76.8 | 65 | 5.00 | 7 |
- | GS-YUASA | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
20Ah 2P12S | Toshiba | SCiB™ 20Ah | 24 | 360 | 190 | 125 | 14 | 27.6 | 40 | 1.10 | 9 |
23Ah 2P12S (*2) | Toshiba*1 | SCiB™ 23Ah | 24 | 360 | 190 | 125 | 15 | 27.6 | 45 | 1.24 | |
(*3) | SAFT-TKMS | VL56E | 16 | 237 | 586 | 131 | less than 20 | 52.8 | 56 | 2.95 | |
(*4) | SAFT-NAVAL | VL56E | 24 | 345 | 530 | 131 | less than 30 | 39.6 | 112 | 4.43 | |
(*5) | Liotech | LT-LFP 72 | 36 | 270 | 540 | 222 | 64.8 | 57.2 | 144 | 8.23 | 19 |
(*6) | Winston Battery | WB-LYP10000AHA | 22 or 44? | 367 | 687 | 756 | 173 | 3.2 | 10000 | 32 | 16 |
*1 Voltage can be adjusted by change of cell connection.
*2 Estimation by using various Toshiba [8,10]
*3 Estimation by using various SAFT publications and TKMS LIB [11,12,13]. Footprint of SAFT-TKMS is assumed to be as same as FAAM.
*4 This model is hypothetical. Change battery change through a hatch with diameter of 650-711mm [15], which is estimated from hatch of Suffren submarine, and cell of VL56E are considered.
*5 Estimation based on battery arrangement of Kilo-class.
*6 LYP = Lithium Yttrium Iron Phosphate, WB-LYP1000AHA shows excellent energy density (185Wh/kg) as Iron Phoshate based battery.-------
Figures 2. to 7.
Noting some graphics (like circles) were lost - as they are unfortunately incompatible with blogger html software language.
Battery modules and battery groups based on FAAB cell and latest SAFT VL56E cell are proposed in these figures. Dimension of FAAB battery module is decided based on perspective view of Type 212A and picture of FAAB battery module. The SAFT modules and groups are assumed to be different from SAFT commercial Flex’ionTM Figures 4&6 and 5&7 correspond to SAFT-TKMS and SAFT-NAVAL, respectively. Improvement of FAAB and SAFT cylindrical cells to square type cells will provide increase of energy (e.g., plus 20%).
W=378mm | D=252mm | |||||||||||||||||
Width (W) =378mm, Depth(D) =252mm | H=ca. 1100mm | BTU (*1) | BTU | |||||||||||||||
Top view | ||||||||||||||||||
Height (H) =225mm | ||||||||||||||||||
Front view | Side view | Front view | Side view | |||||||||||||||
Figure 2. Battery module consists of 24 FAAB cells Batter cells (blue solid line) are vertically arranged. | Figure 3. Battery group consists of 4 layers of [24 FAAB cells]-modules Battery modules (blue solid line) & battery group (double solid line). * Battery Management Unit = BMU | |||||||||||||||||
W=530mm | ||||||||
Depth= 345mm | ||||||||
W=586mm | ||||||||
Depth= 273mm | ||||||||
H= 131mm | Top view | H= 131mm | Top view | |||||
Front view | Front view | |||||||
Figure 4. Battery module consists of 16 VL56E cells Battery module consists of 2 battery trays. A battery tray consists of horizontally arranged 8 VL56E cylindrical cells (blue solid line). Inner diameter of submarine hatch is assumed to be 650-711mm. | Figure 5. Battery module consist of 24 VL56E cells Battery module consists of 2 battery trays. A battery tray consists of horizontally arranged 12 VL56E cylindrical cells (blue solid line). Inner diameter of submarine hatch is assumed to be 650-711mm. | |||||||
W=586mm | D=273mm | W=530mm | D=345mm | |||||||
H=ca. 1200mm | BTU | BTU | H=ca. 1200mm | BTU | BTU | |||||
Front view | Side view | Front view | Side view | |||||||
Figure 6. Battery group consists of 8 layers of [16-VL56E cells]-modules. Battery modules (blue solid line) & battery group (double solid line) are assumed from pictures of TKMS battery modules and data of SAFT battery cells/modules. | Figure 7. Battery group consists of 8 layers of [24-VL56E cells]-modules Structure of battery group (double solid line) is based on Figure 6 and maximum package of battery modules (blue solid line). Height is estimated from curvature of pressure hull and other factors. | |||||||||
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Table 4. - Structures of battery group and energy of battery for LIB-submarine
(rev 2)
Explanation - Battery Management Unit (BMU) is located on the top of battery group (Table 3 (a)). Adoption of LIBs does not always provide significant increase in absolute energy of batteries. Increase in actual energy due to bigger depth of discharge in LIBs (80%), easy maintenance and higher safety without generation of hydrogen are achieved for LIBs. As output of AIP is not high, increase of LIBs is important to improve performance of submarine at high speed. Adoption of optical mast provides improved freedom of sections and arrangement of batteries. Here batteries are assumed to locate under diesel generator and torpedo sections.
a | Configuration of a battery group: (BMU ye1low), battery modules (blue solid line), battery group (double solid line) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b | Make | GS-YUASA | SAMSUNG SDI | SAFT-TKMS | SAFT- NAVAL | FAAM | Liotech- | Floattech | Winston Battery | |||||||||||||||||||||
c | Submarine builder | KHI/MHI | HHI (Hyndai Heavy Industries) | TKMS | NAVAL-ASC | FINCAN-TIERI | Russia | SAAB-DAMEN | SAAB | China | ||||||||||||||||||||
d | Number of battery modules in a battery group | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
f | Voltage of a battery group [V] (*1) | 36 | 88.3 | 52.8 | 39.6 | 76.8 | 57.4 | 51.8 | 51.8 | 3.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
g | Energy of a battery group [kWh] | - | 70.2 (*2) | 23.6 (*3) | 35.5 (*4) | 20.0 | 32.9 | 37.2 (*5) | 24.8 (*5) | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||||
h | Submarine | Soryu/29SS | 3000t-class | 2000t-class | Type 212CD | Attack-class | Type 212NFS | Lada, (Amur) | SAAB-DAMEN | A26 | Type 039B | |||||||||||||||||||
i | Number of batteries | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
j | Number of battery strings (stern+bow *6) | 28+28 | 12+12 | 8+8 | 12+12 | 16+12 | 0+24 | 16+16 *9 (8+8) | 8+12 | 8+12 | 8+8 | |||||||||||||||||||
k | Number of battery groups in a battery string (*7) | 12 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||
l | Energy of batteries [MWh] | 50 | 15.2 | 10.1 | 6.8 | 11.9 | 3.8 | 8.6(4.3) | 8.9 | 4.0 | 6.1 *8 | |||||||||||||||||||
*1 Guideline of (f) and (j ) is 400V< (f) x (j) < 800V considering maximum and minimum voltage of battery cell.
Anonymous
*2 SAMSUNG SDI 111Ah cell and 24-cell module
*3 SAFT VL56E cell and 16-cell module
*4 SAFT VL56E cell and 24-cell module
*5 Kokam SLPB160460330 cell and 14-cell module
*6 Stern and bow batteries are placed under diesel generator and torpedo sections, respectively for submarines except Soryu/29SS.
*7 As battery groups and battery strings are directly and parallel connected, respectively.
*8 As diameter of hatch for exchange of WB-LYP 10000AHA is more than 780mm whitch is too big for crew, WB-LYP 10000AHA may be exchanged through hatches on the diesel and torpedo sections with 6-7m in length. Considering that footprint of WB-LYP 10000AHA is 1.32 times bigger than GS-YUASA LIB, that Type 039B is 80% smaller than AIP-Soryu MKI and that Type 039B is tear-drop type double hull structured, Type 098 may equip with ca. 200 battery groups at most (half of Soryu MKI). So, Type 039 equips two batteries of 6.1MW which considerably smaller than reported [18].
*9 12+12 is possible
Reference
[3] Estimation based on [2]
Capacity [Wh/kg] = 94Ah x 3.68V / 2.01kg = 173Wh/kg
[5] M8994 E2 module (94Ah) http://www.samsungsdi.com/upload/ess_brochure/Samsung%20SDI%20brochure_EN.pdf
[6] E3-M090 module (111Ah) http://www.samsungsdi.co.kr/upload/ess_brochure/201803_SamsungSDI%20ESS_EN.pdf A comparison between M8994 E2 module (94Ah) vs E3-M090 module (111Ah) suggests same dimension of 94Ah and 111Ah.
LT-LYP(http://www.enelt.com/?id=530) is also possible cell for submarine, but, its volumetric energy density is lower (93Wh/kg) than LT LFP72 (130Wh/kg).
[15] Hatch diameter range of 650-711mm is based on the followings: i) DSRV’s ( Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle’s) and SRC (Submarine Rescue Chamber’s) can accommodate hatches up to 28 inches (=711mm) in diameter [https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=rg5UAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA698&lpg=PA698&dq=inch+submarine+hatch+diameter&source=bl&ots=Dq9i9R-_k0&sig=ACfU3U1brgtdDbHdZgjBX0XIPNhO8fLkaA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzoLaH6KfmAhXwwosBHTZ1Aa8Q6AEwDXoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=inch%20submarine%20hatch%20diameter&f=false], page698, ii) diameter of small hatch of Japanese submarine are 650mm, and iii) Japanese is smaller than Westerner.
Type 039B Length 77.6m, Beam 8.4m, AIP, crew 36, submerged displacement 3600, double hull structure. 039B (upgraded)
[18] https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/yuan-design.htm
“The battery pack consists of 960 pcs of the WB-LYP10000AHA cells making the total energy of 31MWh.”
[19] From the pictures and perspective of battery section in Kilo-class submarine, size of LAB (D=ca.300mm, W=ca.550mm) and number of battery group (n=8) were estimated. And sizes of LIBs for Kilo, Lada and Amur-class are assumed to be same as LABs.
Anonymous