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P-8 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) detection technologies.

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Stirring Indian Navy recruitment? and Boeing sales youtube for India P-8Is. 32 seconds in P-8's electro-optical sensor detects a (likely Kilo) submarine's attack? periscope. Sonobuoys then dropped etc. 2:40s one of India's last Harriers fires expensive missiles at dinghies (serious need for Harrier cannon!). I wonder if Pakistan also wants to buy P-8s?
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The following are February 1, 2016 commentsby Josh on on Submarine Mattersarticle P-8 Poseidons becoming operational and sales success, of January 31, 2016. I have added links and supporting material in […] brackets:

“High altitude has a host of advantages, including:

-  fuel economy,

-  immunity from AAA/MANPADS [Anti-Aircraft Artillery like 14.5 mm ZPUheavy machine guns and small MAN-Portable Air Defence Systems - missiles like Strela-2s]

-  increased airframe life

-  increased transit speed, and,

-  wider sensor field of view/horizon.

About the only drawback is the loss of MAD detection and decreased accuracy of sonobuoy drops.

[Sonobuoy drops] can be addressed by delaying parachute deployment, spin stabilizing the buoys, and using dropsondes to identify wind patterns at lower altitudes.

[On dropsondes see KaZaK Composites Inc’s Low Cost, Precision Aerial Dropsonde Delivery Vehicle response to a US Navy 2006 project or tender? http://www.navysbir.com/06_1/184.htm]

MAD is used for target localization, not initial detection, so it seems likely the USN has decided this step can be handled by active sound sources, either the multi-static active coherent [MAC] source upgrade for the P-8

[The Multi-Static Active Coherent (MAC) sonobuoy system uses a single noise source sonobuoy and multiple receiver sonobuoys. By using multiple receivers, the MAC system can theoretically cover more volume and provide greater sensitivity since the sound echoes can be correlated over multiple receivers. This requires a great deal of sophisticated analysis software and high degree of operator skill to interpret results.The MAC will hopefully promote P-8 ability to conduct wide area ASW searches.]

 or a traditional AN/SSQ-62 DICASS type buoy.

It could be these systems are NOT being offered to allied nations (particularly India) or that allied nations might not have the resources to upgrade their aircraft in a timely fashion and want to retain MAD as a back up/stop gap. The only major savings of deleting the MAD boom is relatively minor cost and fuel savings.

I'm not aware of diesel fumes being a detection method since [Autolycus on] the Shackletons were taken out of service. I'm not sure the USN ever used the technique.

LIDAR might be viable in sufficiently shallow water but it doesn't appear to be capable of large volume searches. I'm not aware of any underwater search sensor using lasers in service outside of the ALMDS mine detection system, though I know green lasers have been used for mapping shallow water areas of coastline.

Josh [and Pete]

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