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Russian SSBN Replacement Schedule - Deltas to Boreys/Boreis

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In response to Joshis question of  March 2, 2018:

"Are the Delta IVs actually going to be refurbished? They are really long in tooth. I would expect them to be retired before they go through their next major overhaul now that new SSBNs and SLBMs are online."
I respond:

I would say typical mid-life or further 10 year refurbishments are unlikely.

Looking at the 3 to 4 too old reserve for emergencies Delta IIIs ie K-223, K-433 & K-44

and 6 active Delta IV's whose last major overhauls ended in: 
- 2008
- 2010
- 2 in 2012
- 2014 and
- 2017


(Delta IV converted for "special purposes" (eg. submarine cable tapping) BS-64 is excluded).

I would say the 6 active Delta IVs would be useful for a maximum of 10 years after their major 
overhauls. This means each is likely to be progressively retired in 2018, 2020, 2 in 2022, 2024 and the last in 2027.


The 3 Boreys that are already commissioned replace all the Delta IIIs
 
I would say the 6 x active Delta IVs are likely to be replaced on a rolling basis by 6 more Boreys (from Borey/Borei 4 (Knyaz Vladimirto Borey 9 (Borei-В 955В))

Then Russia will commission 3 more Boreys for a Total Borey/Borei fleet of 12, as shown on Unit Table 

But still there are ambiguities. 

1.  Are Borey 955Вs the same as Borey IIs? and

2.  Will Bs and IIs both have the increased capacity (up from the older Boreys' 16 missiles) 

      to 20 missiles?

All this Russian SSBN replacement schedule is worth putting in one large Table.

Pete

Russian SSN & SSK Details from Russian Sub Expert

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Pete Comment: the following Russian submarine descriptions probably started out being in Russian, then translated into French, then English. Pete has further translated some comments into more correct English.


Now follows Anonymous comments on Russian SSNs (including Husky) and SSKs (including the Kalina class):

SSNs

No new SSN construction is going on. Some SSNs may be in the process of being modernized in the Zvezdochka shipyard in the Severodvinsk military-industrial (closed to foreigners) area, but the first unit will not come back into service until 2019. These may be:
-  less than 10 Akula Project 971 SSNs (see Anonymous's French language
   article https://www.soumarsov.eu/Sous-marins/Post92/971M/971M.htm then right-click mouse to
   "Translate to English" or your chosen language ) and
 -  two Sierra I Project 945s (submarines Carp and Kostroma 

Two Sierra II Project 945As are active in Russia's Northern Fleet. They are:
-  Nizhniy Novgorod(B-534) overhaul completed in 2008, and
-  Pskov (B-336) overhaul completed in 2015.

A new SSN project, in English "Husky" (in Russian "KHASKI" or "Khaski") was interpreted in the English language media in July2017 as being an eventual three category (SSN, SSGN and SSBN) project.

But it is probably more accurate to say Husky is an SSN project, as Yasen SSGNs and Borey/Borei SSBNs will continue to be new-built for years and not replaced for two or three decades. 


Husky concept artwork. Pete comment: Still some believe a Husky derivative will augment or replace the Yasen SSGNs, on account of the derivative having around 26 bow-mounted VLS (as in guesstimate artwork above courtesy Strategic Culture Foundation). But at the some time Virginia SSNs have/will have between 12 (in Blocks I-IV) to 40 (Block V onwards) vertically launched Tomahawk missiles without being called SSGNs. Perhaps Russia will merge the SSN and SSGN designations as will happen in the US (once all 4 US Ohio class SSGNs are retired).
--- 

An initial Husky SSN concept design by Malakhit may appear later this year (2018). Malakhit Design Bureau announced on December 9 2017 that Husky construction could begin in 2020. Contradicting the 2020 start is information the first Husky may be laid down at Sevmash by 2024. see https://www.soumarsov.eu/Sous-marins/Futur/Khaski/Khaski.htm

SSKs

Following commissioning of 6 Kilo Project 636.3 submarines into the Black Sea Fleet (BSF) 6 more are under construction for Russia's Pacific Fleet. Deliveries are from 2019 and 2022. see https://www.soumarsov.eu/Sous-marins/Post92/636/06363/6363.htm


The single hulled Lada Project 677 sideview (Artwork courtesysoumarsov(dot)eu) Note that it appears to have an  older style cruciform tail rather than a modern X-plane tail.
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The much delayed Lada Poject 677 is still an uncertainty and with it the export development, the P
roject 1650 (or 677E) and 950 Amur-class . [Pete comment: On the Rubin Design Bureau website it indicates Ladas and Amurs are Rubin projects].


"Commissioned" but still testing of Lada 1 first of class St Petersburg (B-585) continues. Lada 2 Kronshtadt (B-586) laid down in 2005! is due for commissioning in 2019. Lada 3 Velikiye Luki (B-587) is due for commissioning in 2021. Two more could be ordered in 2018. see https://www.soumarsov.eu/Sous-marins/Post92/677/677.htm. [Pete comment: Ladas are single hulled unlike the double hulled Kilos].

[Pete Comment -  But there is no reliable information that efficiently working AIP has been developed for Ladas and future spinoff Amurs - which is why Russia is still building non-AIP Kilos] 

Kalina [is also a Rubin project but also lacking the critical AIP technology] - 
She should have an "Underwater Range Extender (URE)" [Does that mean AIP and/or Lithium-ion Batteries?]. But the design process will be finished in the 2018 – 2025 equipment program. No Kalina is  laid down is announced. see https://www.soumarsov.eu/Sous-marins/Futur/Kalina/Kalina.htm [Pete comment: China is interested in acquiring some Kalinas as technology transfer examples of Russia's latest conventional submarines - when Kalinas are finally available..


PS: all the soumarsov.eu submarine Project links (above) have a date based “Bibliographie” eg. Kalina has this.

Anonymous

US carrier Carl Vinson's Vietnam Visit - Maybe a US Submarine will Visit Next

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US Stars and Stripes photo of Admiral Phillip Sawyer shaking hands who in the Vietnamese media are mysteriously described as "leaders of Danang" .
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US nuclear supercarrier USS Carl Vinsonhas docked near Vietnam's 3rd Regional Command Danang (or Da Nang) naval base for the very first time. This is the first US carrier visit to Vietnam since the US retreat in 1975.

Da Nang was the site of a major US air base during the Vietnam War.

This week Commander of the US 7th Fleet, Vice Admiral Phillip Sawyer is enthusiastic about organising a followup visit by an, as yet unnamed, nuclear submarine. On his way to becomming an  Admiral Sawyer commanded attack Submarine Squadron 15 (Apra navy base, Guam). The US The Navy has four Los Angeles class fast-attack submarines — USS Key West, USS Oklahoma City, USS Asheville and USS Topeka — forward deployed to Guam.

The Vietnamese media has a useful description of what the visit means to Vietnam.

Admiral Sawyer arrived in US Navy Carrier Strike Group 1 (Carrier Strike Group 1) aircraft carrier Carl Vinson (CVN-70). Escorted by cruiser USS Lake Champlain (CG-57) and destroyer USS Wayne E. Meyer (DDG 108) which entered Da Nang Bay, beginning a four-day visit to Vietnam.

Putin's Pre-election Post-Pluto nuclear powered missile

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PUTIN SPEAKS

"MOSCOW, March 1. /TASS/. Russia has created a small-size super-powerful nuclear power plant that can be installed on a cruise missile, which will ensure an unlimited flight range and invulnerability to missile and air defense systems, Russian President Vladimir Putin said in his [March 1, 2018]annual State of the Nation Address to the Federal Assembly on Thursday."


COMMENT/BACKGROUND


Drawing form Wiki. The Supersonic Low Altitude Missile (SLAM) was a US Air Force project conceived around 1955, and cancelled in 1964. SLAMs utilized unmanned nuclear-powered ramjets and capable of dropping off thermonuclear warheads (see youtube below) deep into Russian or Chinese territory.

The development of ICBMs in the 1950s rendered the SLAMs idea obsolete. Advances in defensive ground radar also made the stratagem of low-altitude evasion ineffective as did satellite lookdown radar and optical/infrared anti-missile sensors. 


The use of a nuclear ramjet engine (developed under Project Pluto) in the airframe promised to give the missile useless low-altitude range of up 113,000 miles (ie. 182,000 km) more than four and a half times around the world. At a SLAM's projected speed of Mach 4 this might represent a 2 hour and 50+ hour flight time! This SLAM would then provide good target practice for long alerted enemy defences. 

Drawing from Wiki. The SLAM program was scrapped due to the grave dangers of testing over land or even sea as the fully “hot” reactor ramjet would generate large amounts of unshielded radioactive exhaust/fallout. The reactor heated up to more than 1,400 °C for much of the flight profile. The missile skin might even rise to 2,000+ °C due to lower altitude air compression and friction at the SLAMs hypersonic speeds.

Compare this to ICBMs that in midcourse detach from their hot boosters then operate in low heat or no friction altitudes, can break into 12 MIRVs, drop chaff and decoys, moving at Mach 20 and hitting their targets much faster - 18 minutes,.

Also stealthy conventional jet engine (eg. Tomahawk) and/or rocket powered cruise missiles can also perform low altitude attacks. eg. 20+ fired by each of the US or Russia's SSNs.

QUESTION

1.  Is Putin strategically serious or is he making a politically bellicose pre-election comment before the March 18, 2018 Presidential Election? I would say after Putin's almost certain re-election the nuclear powered missile will be declared a multi-year project and quietly ignored (ie. shelved).

2.  Will Trump, as always falling for Putin's utterances, decide that the US should build its own nuclear powered cruise missile, wasting $Billions on Project Pluto 2?







As Trump reputedly cannot read more than a short paragrouph he may be impressed by the above stirring youtube, before spending $Billions on Pluto 2.
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The following, mainly 1950s-1960s, artworks on Pluto SLAMs are from a French language site, spotted by Anonymous and titled "Aeronautical Nuclear Propulsion" based on sources at the bottom of http://jpcolliat.free.fr/x6/x6-10.htm.

















Pete

Israel's three TKMS Dolphin 3s to be Commissioned from 2030

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Israel, continues its close association with TKMS in construction of German built submarines. This is in the context of a highly rational rolling replacement program of submarine generations. Since Israeli independence Israel appears to have automatically chosen Germany's TKMS because the German Government (post Holocaust) heavily subsidizes/reduces the cost of TKMS subs to Israel. 

Also Germany is an attractive source of submarines because it, like Japan, specialises in producing advanced conventional (diesel-electric) submarines. This is without the distraction of also producing nuclear propelled submarines. 

The chief of Israel's submarine service has indicated the first of three TKMS built [Pete calls them "Dolphin 3s"] is expected to be commissioned in 2030. From the early 2030s the three Dolphin 3's will, on a rolling basis, replace the three Dolphin 1s which were commissioned in 1999–2000. Meanwhile the three Dolphin 2s will operate until approximately 2050. 

Thus Israel will maintain a rolling average of six nuclear missile armed Dolphin submarines - Israel's most valuable naval and strategic assets.

A fuller description of the (by 2030) commissioning is at an IHS Jane's article by Yaakov Lappin. 

Table Comparing Russian, German, French & Japanese Submarine Diesels

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Since Submarine Propulsion Table - 1st Attempt Anonymous has made major progress in researching Russia’s submarine diesel information. Anonymous has put together the following Table which compares submarine diesels designed and produced by Russia, Germany, France and Japan, identifying the main companies involved.

The Russian informations is based on Russia’s Ural Diesel-Engine Plant company (UDMZ) data. Here is basic information on UDMZ and more specific information, about its DM-185 diesel, see [A] below. In Russian it is at http://souztrade.ru/dizelnye-dvigateli-dm-185/.

Anonymous has also located a large amount of information on Russian (LIB-AIP, surface ship/marine and non-marine) diesels which will be published on Submarine Matters over the next two weeks.

Table 1 Specifications of modern submarine diesels

Submarine
Producing
Country

Russia
Germany
France
Japan
Diesel Make


          UDMZ [A]
             MTU
     MAN Diesel & 
          Turbo
       KAWASAKI
Type Designation

L6DM-185 [A]
V12DM-185 [A]
16V396SE84
12V4000U83
8PA4V200SM
12PAV200SMDS
12V25/25SB
12V25/31S
No. of cylinders

6
12
16
12
6
12
12
12
Bore
mm
185
185
165
170
200
200
250
250
Stroke
mm
215
215
185
190
210
210
250
310
Piston speed [1]
m/s
13.6
13.6
11.1
11.4
9.1
9.1
10.0
12.4
Rated speed [2]
rpm
1900
1900
1800
1800
1300
1300
1200
1200
Mechanical output
[3]
kW
750
1500
1200
1300
700
1330
2500
3100
Cylinder capacity [4]
l
5.76
5.76
3.95
4.31
6.59
6.59
12.2
15.2
Mechanical output per unit capacity [5]
kW/l
21.6
21.6
18.9
25.1
13.2
16.8
16.9
16.9
Electrical output [6]
kW
600
1200
960
1040
560
1064
2000
2480
Electrical output at snorting [7]
kW
540
1080
864
936
504
957
1800
2232
  
FOOTNOTES

[1] Piston speed = Stroke x Rated speed / 30000

[2] Based on product catalog or data from this blog.

[3] Mechanical outputs of L6/ V12/ V16/ V20 DM-185 are 750-1400 / 1500-2400 / 2600-3750 / 3200-4000 kW. As bigger exhaust resistance in diesel for submarine result in lower output, 750 and 1500kW are expected to be mechanical outputs of L6 and V12 DM-185s, respectively.
Others are based on product catalog or data from this blog.

[4] Cylinder capacity = (Bore/2)^2 x Stroke x 3.14 / 1000

[5]Mechanical output per unit capacity = Mechanical output / (Cylinder capacity x No. of cylinder)

[6] Electrical output = Mechanical output x 0.8 (= power factor)

[7] Electrical output at snorting = Electrical output x 0.9 (= assumed figure based on [8]).

[8]SUBMARINE POWER AND PROPULSION: BALANCING THE ENERGY ELEMENTS, January 2012, page2 John Buckingham.

[A]According to Russia’s Ural Diesel-Engine Plantcompany (UDMZ) (about UDMZ) and ( pecific website http://souztrade.ru/dizelnye-dvigateli-dm-185/), potential users of DM-185 diesel engine range are: i) enterprises of locomotive construction, ii) private transport operators, iii) leading industrial enterprises of various sectors of the economy, iv) shipbuilding companies, v) manufacturers of heavy quarry self-propelled machinery, and vi) manufacturers of diesel-generator stations.

Specifications of DM-185s are as follows:

Engine type: L6 / V12 / V16 / V20
Rated power: 750-1400 / 1500-2400 / 2600-3750 / 3200-4000 kW
The diameter of the cylinder: 185 mm
Piston stroke: 215 mm
Cylinder power: up to 240 kW
Cylinder capacity: 5.776 liters
Piston speed: 13.6 m /s
Rated speed: 1500, 1800, 1900 rpm
Common Rail fuel equipment and the possibility of installing individual fuel injection pumps
Specific fuel consumption: not more than 200 g / (kWh)
Specific oil consumption: not more than 0.4 g / (kWh)
Emissions of harmful substances: EU IIIA; IMO2 (+); Tier 3
NOx emissions: no more than 7.2; 8.4; 6.4 g / kW * h
Emissions of particulate matter: not more than 0.2 g / kW * h
Warranty period: 1-3 years
Service life: 25-30 years

COMMENT

The latest diesel common rail fuel injection system, not yet fully tested, is intended for the Russian UDMZ DM-185 and the German MTU 12V4000 U83E.

The output of DM-185 is not bad, but an evaluation of its level of vibration has not been released. If DM-185 shows good anti-vibration performance, it will be a very strong competitor against German or French diesels.

As indicated on the Table, Japanese Kawasaki diesels have, by far, the highest mechanical and electrical outputs, making them most suitable for Australia's Future Submarine (SEA 1000) Project.

Russia's UDMZ multi-purpose (including submarine) DM-185 diesel engine. (Photo courtesy International Trading House WTH Souztrade at http://souztrade.ru/dizelnye-dvigateli-dm-185/)
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Anonymous

Report details reasons why Australian WW1 submarine HMAS AE1 sank/was lost

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In late December 2017 Submarine Mattersreported Australian submarine HMAS AE1 had been found after 103 years, in Papua New Guinean waters, just above Australia (see map below).

At the outbreak of World War I, AE1, was part of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force sent to attack German New Guinea. AE1’s main roll was perhaps to guard against intervention of cruisers in Germany’s East Asia [Indo-Pacific] Squadron

Along with AE2, AE1 took part in the operations leading to the occupation of the German territory, including the surrender of Rabaul on 13 September 1914.

At 07:00 on 14 September, AE1 departed Blanche Bay, Rabaul, to patrol off Cape Gazelle with HMAS Parramatta. When she had not returned by 20:00 hours, several ships were dispatched to search for her. No trace of the submarine was found, and she was listed as lost with all hands. The disappearance was Australia's first major loss of World War.

Now technical reasons why AE1 was lost with all hands, have emerged. Papua New Guinea's PNG Industry Newsreveals, in part:

[March 14, 2018] A REPORT has detailed how the crew of Australian World War 1 submarine HMAS AE1 desperately attempted to save the vessel before it sank off the coast of the Duke of York Islands.

...AE1 suffered a catastrophic failure, the report found, identifying "a design failure, material failure, operator error or combinations thereof" as being responsible for the submarine's bow tipping forwards and down.

One of the submarine's twin props was not operating, which would've contributed to the crew's inability to slow or stop the downwards descent.

Once it began to gather speed, the sub's forward section imploded after the 100 metre mark, creating a shockwave that would have killed the crew of 35 instantly.

...the shockwave would have been like a "truck-bomb going off in the middle of the control room" and there was some comfort the men "didn't know what hit them""...from the available evidence, it is clear that the crew met their end swiftly and did not die a slow, lingering death on the sea floor".

The submarine had its hydroplanes set to "hard to rise", which meant it was attempting to return to the surface. The report concluded this was a deliberate action. "Operated by a rack-and-pinion mechanism and designed to operate against maximum design speed, the planes could not have drifted into their current positions".

After ruling out various scenarios, the report found a "diving accident" was the most probable cause for the disaster. 

The crew had a lack of diving practice, and a mechanical defect to the starboard main engine clutch would have limited the power available to the submarine.

This provided a combination of circumstances that "would alone have been sufficient to lead to her loss", the report concluded.

In the report, Find AE1 recommends against any attempt to enter the hull as it is the crew's final resting place. It also warns that it is only a matter of time before treasure hunters and others will attempt to exploit the wreck or achieve fame by obtaining images.

Measures to prevent ships from anchoring, mooring or trawling in the area are recommended in the report, including installing a surveillance camera on nearby Mioko Island, as well as a permit system requiring permission from both Australian and Papua New Guinean authorities for any further activity involving the wreck..."  See the WHOLE PNG Industry News ARTICLE

HMAS AE1 sunk in Papua New Guinea's, Duke of York islands. (Map courtesy BBC)
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HMAS AE1 in happier days. (Painting courtesy Royal Australian Navy).
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Sensor image of AE1 on the seafloor.
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Deep water photo of AE1 on the seafloor 300m down, far deeper than its approximately 100m crush depth.  (Image courtesy the Australian Government via the BBC).
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Pete

Pessimism Women Couldn't Stay on US Submarines Smashed

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From Jennifer McDermott of Associated Press via Stars and Stripes, March 8, 2018, comes virtual proof “Retention of female submariners on par with men”. McDermott reports, in part:
PROVIDENCE, [Rhode Island, USA] - ...It has been eight years since the Navy lifted its ban on women in submarines. The chaos and disruption some predicted largely haven't materialized....
[Female] retention rates are on par with those of men — much higher than the Navy had anticipated, according to records obtained by The Associated Press.
And they want to be seen simply as "submariners," not "female submariners."...
The Navy began bringing female officers on board submarines in 2010; enlisted female sailors followed five years later.
By now, the first 19 female officers have decided whether to sign a contract to go back to sea as a department head, which keeps them on the career path for a submarine officer, or have chosen a different path. Five women signed. Fourteen women have either left the military, will soon leave or are serving elsewhere in the Navy, according to records requested by the AP.
That's a retention rate of 26 percent for the first female officers, just shy of the roughly 27 percent of male officers selected for submarine service in 2010 who signed a department head contract. The Navy had been looking for at least 15 percent for women.
Nine more female officers were picked for submarine service in 2010, but with the intention they would return to jobs in the supply departments on surface ships or ashore — a normal career path.
"You always want higher" numbers, said Adm. John Richardson, the chief of naval operations, but he is encouraged by the initial results and the growing number of female officer candidates who want to be submariners.
"I think if there was a sense it was not doing well, we wouldn't have those types of numbers," he said.
Richardson led the submarine force at the beginning of the integration, from late 2010 to 2012. At that time, some submarine veterans, wives of submariners and active-duty members were calling the change a mistake. The living quarters were too tight, there was little privacy and romantic relationships could develop, they feared.
Many now say that the transition went smoothly, with one major exception. Male sailors were prosecuted in 2015 for secretly videotaping female officers and trainees as they undressed on the USS Wyoming.
"They did court-martial the perpetrators. It wasn't laughed off, and that's a good thing," said retired Navy Capt. Lory Manning, director of government relations for the Service Women's Action Network. "I don't think, in general, it dampens the effort."
To address privacy, the Navy is retrofitting subs with extra doors and designated washrooms. Future subs will be built with the height, reach and strength of women in mind...
Sailors have in some cases organically changed their behavior to accommodate changing times. Some accustomed to sleeping in their underwear now don a robe or sweats to go to the bathroom, for instance, in case they encounter another gender in the hall.
"That goes for both sides. It's not that all females have to wear this and males can do whatever they want," Mattocks said. "It's just little things like that, having both genders in a small space. You figure out things you never would've thought of before."
One-fifth of submarine crews are integrated. It will take until about 2026 before a woman could be in command of a U.S. Navy submarine..."


Meanwhile Janine Asseln, a submarine officer in the German Navy has progressed even further. Not restricted to US Navy female logistics department positions, Janine is in the fighting/torpedoing arm of the submarine (as youtube above reveals). See Submarine Matters' August 11, 2015 article.
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Pete

Collins submarine HMAS Waller in anti-sub Exercise Ocean Explorer

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ABC's Defence Reporter Andrew Greene on Australian Collins' class submarine HMAS Waller reports, March 18, 2018:

"Life on board a crowded Collins-class submarine 100 metres below the surface"

In recent weeks HMAS Waller has been taking part in Exercise Ocean Explorer to improve anti-air and anti-submarine warfare, as well as maritime operations aimed at ensuring shipping lanes are clear and safe.

This month's war games come against the backdrop of growing concerns over Beijing's military build-up in the South China Sea, and the potential for crucial trading routes to Australia to be cut off.
The increasingly crowded waterways to Australia's north present obvious dangers for any submarine or surface ship but Commander Lindsey insists he is not overly worried.

Their world is secretive, often dangerous and at any moment they could be deployed to the farthest corners of the globe to carry out deadly missions.
The men and women who serve on Australia's six Collins-class submarines provide one of the country's most vital pieces of "strategic deterrence" in an increasingly competitive and uncertain neighbourhood.
By the year 2030 the Australian Government is anticipating more than half the world's submarines will be operating in the Indo-Pacific, a maritime environment that is already getting very crowded.
In simple terms submarines provide four crucial roles for the Defence Force: covert surveillance; delivery of special forces personnel, anti-surface ship warfare and anti-submarine attack.
"The real, true capability of a submarine is that I don't have to announce (my) arrival in any place" says Commander Richard Lindsey, the Commanding Officer of HMAS Waller, one of the Collins-class fleet.
HMAS Waller Captain, Commander Richard LindseyPHOTO: Commander Richard Lindsey on the bridge of HMAS Waller. (Luke Stephenson, ABC)
"If you really want to get down to the baseline, it's about removing that threat, and that's my business".
Commander Lindsey is a veteran of the United Kingdom's nuclear-powered submarines but believes Australia's diesel-electric fleet is world class, and doesn't deserve its "dud-sub" reputation.
"The Collins platform that we see today … is nothing like it was 20 years ago and we need to understand that that platform is improved, and constantly improved throughout," Commander Lindsey says.
HMAS Waller rises to the surface of the ocean
"Any of those deployments or movements that I make, whether it be around Australia or anywhere else are well planned, well considered and I'm well briefed," he said.
"For me it's just about standard operating: well planned, well supported and making sure that we don't make mistakes."
No personal space, six-hour sleeps and months without sunlight
Life as a submariner is full of difficulties and requires extreme resilience but the salaries are usually much higher than other military jobs.
Submariners can typically spend months away at sea, including long periods below the ocean surface without any natural light.
"The biggest challenges of living on a submarine are obviously space," Lieutenant Kaira Wansbury said, the only female crew member of HMAS Waller.
"I sleep, for example, with four of the guys in a small cabin and we only get to sleep six hours a time," the submarine's navigating officer said.
Having a cabin is considered a luxury on board a submarine, which can be at sea for up to 70 days at a time and is home to around 60 people.
Junior trainees sleep among the various torpedoes stored at the bottom of the submarine in an area of the boat which also doubles as a makeshift gym.
"It's not the life for everyone — it's definitely for a small group of people. It does take a bit of resilience," said Able Seaman Anthony Zdjelarevic, 28, a combat systems operator on HMAS Waller.

Captain Schlitt's S**t Sinks Submarine

Revised Table Comparing Russian, German, French & Japanese Submarine Diesels

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Since Submarine Matters published Table Comparing Russian, German, French & Japanese Submarine Diesels, of March 15, 2018, Anonymous has done further very useful research and compiled new sets of data, figures and footnotes. These are marked in Blue with submarine diesels bolded.

Table 1 Specifications of modern diesels for submarine (as at March 20, 2018)

Country


Russia
Germany
France
Japan
Make


UDMZ [11]
MTU
MAN Diesel & Turbo
KAWASAKI
Type

DM-185
V12M [11]
DM-185
V12G
[11]
DM-185
V12S
[12]
16V396SE84
12V4000U83
8PA4V200SM
12PAV200SMDS
12V25/25SB
12V25/31S
Application


Surface
Marine
Genera
t
or
Sub-marine
Sub
Sub
Sub
Sub
Sub
Sub
No. of cylinder


12
12
12
16
12
6
12
12
12
Bore

mm
185
185
185
165
170
200
200
250
250
Stroke

mm
215
215
215
185
190
210
210
250
310
Piston speed
[1]
m/s
13.6
10.7
10.7
11.1
11.4
9.1
9.1
10.0
12.4
Rated speed
[2]
rpm
1900
1500
1500
1800
1800
1300
1300
1200
1200
Mechanical output
[3]
kW
2416
-
-
1200
1300
700
1330
2500
3100
Cylinder capacity
[4]
l
5.76
5.76
5.76
3.95
4.31
6.59
6.59
12.2
15.2
Specific mechanical output[5]
kW/l
21.6
-
-
18.9
25.1
17.6
16.8
16.9
16.9
Electrical output
[6]
kW

-
1907
1525
960
1040
560
1064
2000
2480
Specific electrical output per [13]
kW/l
-
27.5
22.0
15.1
20.1
14.1
13.44
13.5
13.5
Electrical output
(snorting) [7]
kW

-
-
1373
864
936
504
957
1800
2232


[1] Piston speed = Stroke x Rated speed / 30000

[2] Based on product catalog or data from this blog.

[3] [9] page 3,” Table 1 Performance and emission targets DM-185 Engine Family”. Others are based on product catalog or data from this blog.

[4] Cylinder capacity = (Bore/2)^2 x Stroke x 3.14 / 1000

[5] Specific mechanical output =Mechanical output per unit capacity = Mechanical output / (Cylinder capacity x No. of cylinder)

[6] Electrical output of DM-185V12S = Electrical output of DM-185V12G x 0.8. Electrical output of DM-185V12G is in [11]. For others, Electrical output = Mechanical output x 0.8 (= power factor)

[7] Electrical output at snorting = Electrical output x 0.9 (= assumed figure based on [8]).

[8] SUBMARINE POWER AND PROPULSION: BALANCING THE ENERGY ELEMENTS, 
January 2012, page2 John Buckingham.

[9]http://souztrade.ru/dizelnye-dvigateli-dm-185/


[11] Ibid, page3, [9] page 3,” Table 1 Performance and emission targets DM-185 Engine Family”.

[12] Hypothetical DM-185 diesel generator for submarine applications. All data of DM-185 12VS are estimation.

[13] Specific electrical output =Electrical output per unit capacity = Electrical output / (Cylinder capacity x No. of cylinder)

According to UDMZ and FEV GmbH [9,10], potential users of diesel engines DM-185 are i) enterprises of locomotive construction, ii) private transport operators, iii) leading industrial enterprises of various sectors of the economy, iv) shipbuilding companies, v) manufacturers of heavy quarry self-propelled machinery, and vi) manufacturers of diesel-generator stations.
Specifications of DM-185s are as follows:

MORE DETAILED DM-185 SPECIFICATIONS

• Engine type: L6 / V12 / V16 / V20
• Rated power: 750-1400 / 1500-2400 / 2600-3750 / 3200-4000 kW
• The diameter of the cylinder: 185 mm
• Piston stroke: 215 mm
• Cylinder power: up to 240 kW
• Cylinder capacity: 5.776 liters
• Piston speed: 13.6 m /s
• Rated speed: 1500, 1800, 1900 rpm
• Common Rail fuel equipment and the possibility of installing individual fuel injection pumps
• Specific fuel consumption: not more than 200 g / (kWh)
• Specific oil consumption: not more than 0.4 g / (kWh)
• Emissions of harmful substances: EU IIIA; IMO2 (+); Tier 3
• NOx emissions: no more than 7.2; 8.4; 6.4 g / kW * h
• Emissions of particulate matter: not more than 0.2 g / kW * h
• Warranty period: 1-3 years
• Service life: 25-30 years

ANONYMOUS'S COMMENT

As latest diesel, common rail fuel injection system, whose evaluation is yet established, is adopted for DM-185 and 12V4000 U83E. Output of DM-185 is not bad, but evaluation of vibration is not reported. If DM-185 shows good anti-vibration performance, it is very strong competitor of Germany or French diesels. Electrical output of DM-185 for submarine is 40-50% higher than those of German and French counterparts.

PETE COMMENT 

As indicated on the Table, Japanese Kawasaki diesels have, by far, the highest mechanical and electrical outputs. An arrangement of four of these Kawasaki diesels would be more suitable for Australia's Future Submarine (SEA 1000) than a problematic six to eight lower powered MTU or MAN diesels.

Anonymous

German-Russian DM-185 & German-UK MTU Submarine Diesels Supplied to China?

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The DM-185 diesel is almost certainly being offered and modified for Chinese nuclear and conventional submarines. Perhaps not through Russia's UDMZ but though Germany's FEV.

Anonymous has kindly provided many of the following details on the DM-185 range.

GERMANY'S FEV SUPPLYING SUBMARINE DIESELS TO CHINA

The Research Association for Energy Technology and Internal Combustion Engines, in German "Forschungsgesellschaft für Energietechnik und Verbrennungsmotoren" (FEVGmbH) was founded in 1978.

The FEV "Company History" advises http://www.fev.com/en/who-we-are/company-history.html
FEV entered the Chinese market with the establishment of an office in Beijing, China in 1998...FEV established its Asian Technical Center in Dalian [notable for shipbuilding including Chinese Navy (PLA-N) shipyards] China, providing FEV with a diesel development facility to support its customers in Northeast Asia.
-  The risk German or broader Western submarine diesel secrets could leak to Russia and on to
    China is obvious.

A more direct route is MTU 396 and MTU 4000 marine/submarine diesels technology transfer occuring in the new Rolls-Royce/MTU/Yuchai factory in Yulin, China for Chinese Yuan submarine use
-  China might then pass on MTU details to Russia (assuming Western firms are not already
   passing MTU details to Russia?)

BACKGROUND

The new generation Russian-German designed multipurpose DM-185 diesel (with electrical output of 1515 kWe) is being tested for submarine. This is with a view to being the primary power plant for future conventional diesel-electric Russian and Chinese submarines. DM-185s might also replace the DM-21 backup diesels on Russian Yasen class multipurpose submarines and Borey/Borei SSBNs.

http://expert.ru/ural/2016/30/na-otechestvennom-hodu/ 2015/2016 at the Ural Diesel-Motor Plant (UDMZ)...opened a production complex of DM-185 diesel. The DM-185 was developed by a team of specialists from Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Ural Federal University, German engineering company FEV and the design bureau of the Ural Turbine Plant (UDMZ).

On March 17, 2018 Anonymous supplied extra information on the DM-185. In 2016 the Russian Ural Diesel Motor Factory LLC (UDMZ) and German headquartered FEVGmbH announced the launch of new generation DM-185 diesels in the 28th International Council on Combustion Engines (CIMAC) Congress, June 6 to 10, 2016 in Helsinki. This is the detailed paper announcing the DM-185  (http://jxpt.whut.edu.cn:81/meol/common/script/preview/download_preview.jsp?fileid=517881&resid=63750&lid=5030 (2.3MB PDF). According to this paper, the former DM-185 specification has been updated to version 2.

RUSSIA'S FLOTPROM (FP) ANNOUNCED ON JULY 2, 2015:

 https://flotprom.ru/2015/%D0%9C%D0%B2%D0%BC%D1%8153/The new generation  diesel engine, DM-185, is being built at the Ural diesel-engine plant... DM-185s can be used for surface ships, in particular corvettes, and submarines. The engine is intended to replace another diesel engine - DM-21 [meanwhile do Kolumna 37Ds or other designations "1DL42, 2D42,2D42M and 1D43power Russian, Chinese and Indian Kilo class submarines?]


As the FlotProm correspondent was told...the engine consists of [50% Russian] components [and presumably 50% German components?] and has a Russian control system.

"The engine was created to solve the problems that arise with the DM-21 engine," the source said. According to the representative of the company, now the DM-21 is operated on the rescue vessel Zvezdochka and is installed on the Yasen and Borey submarines. 

He noted that in addition to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the potential customers of the engine are the BRICS countries. [including Russian, Indian and Chinese submarines]

"At the request of the customer, the engine can be equipped with various modifications, including it can be converted to gas," the company representative said.

The engine is high-speed, its resource is designed for 70000 operating hours without major repairs. In addition, it has a large cylinder capacity and was designed according to the newest technologies.

At the same time, the engine has disadvantages, according to the interviewee, by weight it is slightly heavier than the engines of the German company MTU.

Russia's UDMZ and Germany's FEV multipurpose (including submarine) DM-185 diesel engine. (Photo courtesy International Trading House WTH Souztrade at http://souztrade.ru/dizelnye-dvigateli-dm-185/)
---

Anonymous and Pete

Idea of Exporting Japanese Diesels for Australia's Submarines Not New

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Anonymous has located a source in Japanese that confirms that Japan has considered exporting its submarine diesels for Australia's Future Submarines, for almost two years. 

This source is a Japanese Diamond economic magazine article of May 10, 2016. When translated it indicates, in part:

[Failure to win the Australian Submarine competition] "...is a big pain in Japan. However, there is a last chance. There is a way for Japanese manufacturers to participate in [the Australian] submarine development as a supplier.

[Japanese Admiral (retired)] Masao Kobayashi, a former Maritime Self-Defense Force's submarine corps commander, said, "The purpose of the technology transfer of submarines is to strengthen the strategic partnership between Japan and Australia. Although we lost the order in the main competition, I think I should speak."

Especially, what [Japan could export is Kawasaki] diesel engines. DCNS [now Naval Group] is planning to install six engines [in Australia's future submarine] according to local reports, but if you make use of Kawasaki Heavy Industries' technology which makes high-output engines of [submarine] "type", it is said that 2 to 4 units are sufficient..."

Russia's Unproven "Progress" in non-nuclear AIP and LIBs for Submarines

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In a very ten days on Russian and Western diesels Anonymous has also provided two (here and here) posts on Russia's developing (non-nuclear (SSK)) Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) and Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for submarine technologies. Combining the two post produces:

Perhaps the most active Russian designer of SSKs and nuclear subs is the (short name) "Rubin Design Bureau" (long name Joint-Stock Company “Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering" of St Petersburg). Russia likely remains far behind the West in AIP development but Russia's LIBs' progress (perhaps working with China) is less clear. 

Rubin, is developing, sponsoring or coodinating submarine drivetrain systems, which include:

Diesels (next generation diesel 12ДМ-185 (ie. 12DM-185s) [1]

AIP using Diesel Reforming (Hydrogen producing) Fuel Cells in a Russian technology called
   "VNEU". VNEU (see Russian 2016 article) is being developed for the 5th generation "Kalina".
    Rubin claimed, in 2015, that VNEU is a fundamentally different Russian development which 
    limits the quantity of  hydrogen kept within the pressure hull.

    =  But the debate swings back to Germany which claims its Type 212 stores "...the fuel and
        oxidizer [is] in tanks...between the pressure hull and outer light hull. The gases [including
        hydrogen] are piped through the pressure hull to the fuel cells as needed..."


LIBs, likely of the Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) type. Comment One of drawbacks of LIBs is
   thermal run away at low temperature. But, LFP and LTO (Lithium Titanate) have excellent stability
   at low temperatures (cold seas) AND longer time endurance improves under ice performance in
   the Arctic Ocean (immediately above Russia, Northwestern Europe and the North American
   continent). 

   =  Rubin claimed in 2014 that "lithium batteries for submarines have been tested" and "The general
       director of the enterprise, Igor Vilnit, said that a full cycle of tests of lithium-ion batteries for
       non-nuclear submarines had been carried out." But demonstrable, proven, progress is slim.

Propulsion motor. It is not clear whether Russia has mature permanent magnet synchronous motor
    technology for submarine.

COMMENT

Russia hopes it has the SSK development budget to produce future Russian non-nuclear submarines (including or terminating the Ladas, Amur Project (see cutaway model) and/or moving to the Kalina Project). Russia intends they will be equipped with the above technologies. With these new SSKs Russia hopes to compete strategically and for foreign business orders against Western (including Japanese and South Korean) and now Chinese SSKs

Russia may have an advantage, in pressure hull alloys for its new SSKs, if Russia reuses Titanium from old Soviet submarine hulls. This Titanium may be the basis for deeper diving, non-magnetic hulls. In the Baltic Sea, Russia aims to challenge the technical superiority of German Type 212As in AIP, diesel generators and non-magnetic hulls. 

[1]  Another source describing the DM-185 is https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/64560/ advises:
The “Ural diesel-engine plant (UDMZ) introduced a new generation diesel engine - DM-185”
DM-185 is alternatives of DM-210 [a problematic backup diesel for Yasen or Borey nuclear subs.] 
The DM-185 range features:
-  Total power: 0,7-4,9 MW [the high upper limit power seems to be for non-submarine];
-  Rotational speed corresponding to the total power: 1500, 1800, 1900 rpm;
-  Specific fuel consumption: not more than 204 g / kWh;
-  Specific consumption of oil in fumes: 0.4 g / kWh;
-  Specific gravity: 3.7-4.7 kg / kW Resource: 40000-70000 hours Cylinder power: 120-234 kW.

ANONYMOUSES COMMENT

The 12DM-185 seems to correspond to the MTU, but, where do the 12DM-185's turbochargers come from?

PETE COMMENT

Yet SSK-underfunded Russia may remain uncompetitive (strategically and in sales of SSKs) as the West is demonstrably more advanced. With the West working on third generation fuel cell-AIP, Japanese standard LIBs as well as KHI and MTU 4000 diesels. Even China, with a larger budget for SSKs, may be passing Russia in AIP and LIBs.

Mainly Anonymous

Former DGSE "Spy" says France has lost industrial sovereignty to the US

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The French external intelligence agency DGSE is famous for gathering economic secrets from opponents, like Russia. [1]

Like the current CIA and former Mossad directors, DGSE has a relatively high political profile. In that regard some of DGSE's former leaders are politically outspoken.

Cyceon, a French political and economic magazine reports (with extra links in blue from Pete)  March 22, 2018:

"France has lost industrial sovereignty to the USA, says a former DGSE"



Citing the example of Rafale fighter planes that France could no longer deliver to Egypt because of the [US International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)] legislation that prohibits the export of US technological components without authorization from the US government, Alain Juillet reminds that the sale of Alstom to General Electric (GE), for which the current President Emmanuel Macron was decisive, has transferred to the United States the production of turbines essential to French nuclear-powered submarines, the keystone of the French nuclear deterrent.
“It’s an absolute loss of sovereignty, that’s the reality,” asserts the former senior official of French business intelligence to the Prime Minister. “As long as the production is in France, we can still negotiate, but we cannot sell a single submarine abroad without having the green light if we use these turbines,” he adds.
The sale of Alstom in 2014 sparked strong protests among the French armed forces and intelligence services, seeing it as a serious attack on the principle of independence and national sovereignty. France is still today the third nuclear military power in the world after the United States and Russia."
BACKGROUND (from Pete)
Alstom is a broad based French conglomerate. Alstom's Power Systems arm, amongst other activities, is involved in the construction and maintenance of nuclear power stations. 
Given France's dual-use military-civilian nuclear industry structure any entity, like US General Electric-Hitachi involved in France's nuclear power stations will also have some knowledge and influence in France's military nuclear effort.
This French effort may include knowledge and influence in the production of Plutonium and Tritiumfor French nuclear weapons and some enrichment of Low Enrished Uranium for France's nuclear propelled submarines (ie. for France's K15 and the follow-on reactor (soon to be revealed)).

[1] Have a look at this remarkably revealing article on the DGSE website, which states in part:

"2] The literature sent by the [DGSE] is sent to over one hundred French institutional recipients, in particular to the presidential administration, to the Prime Minister’s office, to the Ministry of Defence, to the Ministry of the Interior, to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to the Ministry of Economy and Finance, etc."

Naval Group Excessive Market Power Implications of Alliance with Fincantieri.

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Asia Times, March 23, 2018 provides background:

“Australia’s Future Frigate Program, or SEA 5000 Project [is down to three contenders Italy's FincantieriFREMM, UK's BAE Systems and Spain's Navantia]

The winner of the [A$35 Billion] frigate tender should be revealed in June [2018]. Construction of the new naval vessels is expected to begin in 2020, and the first warship should enter service in late 2020s.”
-----------------------------------------------------------

Now, significantly, Australia’s DEFENCECONNECTreportsMarch 23, 2018”...the international defence community awaits further developments on the potential merger between Italy’s Fincantieri and France’s Naval Group[was DCNS]...

Pete COMMENT and QUESTION

It is possible the Australian Government on April 18, 2016 did not shortlist the Naval Group/DCNS version of the FREMM Frigatebecause the Government already knew it was about to choose Naval Group/DCNS on April 26, 2016 to build the 12 Future Submarines. 

In 2016 choosing Naval Group/DCNS as winner of the A$35 Billion  Future Frigate Program AND the A$50 Billion Future Submarine Program would have clearly and publically given Naval Group/DCNS excessive market power over the Australian Government, Australian shipbuilding partners, shipbuilding unions and dependent Adelaide economy. 

This is because the Frigate and Submarine projects are in the same shipyard precinct drawing from the same local workforce in Adelaide South Australia. Adelaide is a small-middle sized city with a weak economy which heavily depends on Australia's A$90 Billion naval shipyard projects.  

Now, as Fincantieri is a contender in the Future Frigate competition I wonder if a Fincantieri alliance with Naval Group may stir up Australian Government concerns that:

Naval Group as the sole winner of the Future Submarine Competition, may still acquire excessive market power if


a Fincantieri /Naval Group alliance wins the Future Frigate competition in June 2018?

Two Russian intelligence officials to be expelled from Russian Embassy, Canberra, Australia.

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Apparentlytwo Russian intelligence officials at the Russian Embassy, Canberra, (Australia) will be expelled by the Australian Government. 

This Australian expulsion action is apparently Australia’s international response following the suspected Russian government poisoning of former Russian spy (defector) Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in the city of Salisbury, UK.

So far 21 countries have expelled 130 Russian intelligence officers as part of the international response.

COMMENT

 It is not yet known whether the two Russian intelligence officers in Canberra are officially accredited as such (eg. Head and Deputy Head of Station) to the Australian Government or are fully hiding under diplomatic cover.

Hitachi An Asset in Japan's Comprehensive Nuclear Weapons Capability

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The main takeaway from the Submarine Matters article of March 23, 2018, that I have is:

"Given France's dual-use military-civilian nuclear industry structure any entity, like US General Electric-Hitachi involved in France's nuclear power stations will also have some knowledge and influence over France's military nuclear effort."

1.  In particular Japan/Hitachi may gain some knowledge of nuclear weapon requirements from the takeover of France's Alstom Power [including nuclear] Systems

2.  Also Hitachi could gain military nuclear knowledge from the corporate memory of its partner  General Electric (GE). GE, up to 1993, has been involved in nuclear reactors with military applications. See https://www.brookings.edu/u-s-nuclear-weapons-production-and-naval-nuclear-propulsion-complex/ in part points to an early (pre-electricity use) nuclear reactor:

"Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory [KAPL]
(Niskayuna and West Milton, New York; Windsor, Connecticut)
ESTABLISHED: 1947
SIZE: 170 acres (0.3 square miles) at Niskayuna; 3,900 acres (6.1 square miles) at West Milton; 10.8 acres at Windsor
BUDGET: $274.2 million [including DOE’s Schenectady Naval Reactors Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 65 [federal]; 2,700 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Designs, builds and tests prototype NAVAL NUCLEAR REACTOR and trains U.S. NAVY PERSONNEL [naval references capitalized/bolded by Pete] in their operation and maintenance. Maintains two operational and two inactive (defueled) test reactors at Niskayuna, NY, and an inactive (defueled) reactor at Windsor, CT (shut down in March 1993).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 1.6 metric tons of uranium-235 and 171.7 grams of plutonium
CONTRACTOR: KAPL, Inc. (formerly Lockheed Martin-KAPL Company, Inc., a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation)
FORMER CONTRACTOR: General Electric Company, 1947-1993

3.  Also GE-Hitachi took over the Australian developed (in the 1990s) "SILEX Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology" : Silex invented and initially developed the ‘SILEX’ laser-based uranium enrichment technology in Sydney during the 1990’s. The technology was licensed exclusively in 2006 to GE-Hitachi Global Laser Enrichment LLC (‘GLE’), a business venture currently comprising GE (51%), Hitachi (25%) and Cameco (24%). Silex and GLE jointly continue to commercialise the technology for potential deployment in the USA. The target markets are the global nuclear fuel markets for natural and enriched uranium, worth several billions of dollars annually.

COMMENT

So Japan, particularly in this era of Trump uncertainty:

A.  can be assumed to have the technical know-how to build a nuclear device (easily the gun-type 
      for which plans have apparently been circulated on the Internet over the years),

B.  has maintained its weapon delivery capability via Epsilon missile, and

C.  the essential materials that go into a nuclear device including:
      =  Uranium 235 that has been stockpiled for Japan's dormant nuclear power reactors
      =  Has a reprocessing plant that can be modified to produce weapon's grade Plutonium. 
      =  Has Hitachi and SILEX knowledge (point 2. above). 
      =  Had about 47 tons of Plutonium at the end of 2016.      

To put A, B and C together there may well be a Japanese nuclear weapons working group (under a much blander name) drawn from personnel in Japanese nuclear regulatory bodies, the Japanese Ministry of Defense and (for rockets/missiles) the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

Pete

Russian Intelligence and TRIPLE AGENT Skripal.

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So why did the Russians decide to poison double agent Sergei Skripal on March 4, 2018, that is 12 years after reducing his sentence in his "high treason" trial of 2006. How did the Russian's know he was hidden by British intelligence in the small UK city of Salisbury?

From the 1970s Skripal rose in the "GRU" (Russian military intelligence) and by the late 1990s he was a colonel. During this career Skripal was spotted by Spanish intelligence as a potential candidate for "turning" to work for Western intelligence as a double agent. Spanish intelligence handed the management of Skripal over to larger, better funded, UK intelligence (MI6). Posted back to Moscow for medical reasons in the late 1990s Skripal had access to the identities of 100s of Russian case officers and agents ("spies") whose names he revealed to MI6.

In December 2004, Skripal was arrested in Moscow shortly after he returned from a private visit to the UK. Russian intelligence is always going to consider a private visit of an ex-Russian spy to the UK (an opponent of Russia) as suspicious.

Skripal's arrest by the Russians, trial for "high treason" and sentence of only 13 years (imposed in 2006) all appeared oddly inconsistent for someone Russia went to great trouble to murder in 2018.

Skripal was a "double agent" in the sense he originally spied as a GRU officer for Russia. Then he was persuaded to spy for the UK against Russia. 

Arguably Skripal became a TRIPLE AGENT (meaning his loyalty notionally, or did, return to Russian intelligence again) given the extent Skripal cooperated with Russian intelligence investigators in informing them about his experience of UK MI6 personnel and methods. Skripal informed on the UK so much that after his 2006 trial for "high treason" his sentence was reduced from death to 13 years because of  "his co-operation with [Russian intelligence]  investigators." that is he cooperated with Russian intelligence.

Skripal was traded to Britain in a "Spy Swap" in 2010. After the his Swap Skripal continued to provide intelligence and sensitive insights to the UK and other Western intelligence agencies (very likely including US agencies) for a period. Such post swap services to UK and US intelligence no doubt angered Russian intelligence.

But why did Russia try to murder Skripal in 2018?

Partly because the Russians had found Skripal by 2018, so were in a position to decide what to do with him. 

Also be 2018 Russia has become more antagonistic against the UK and US in so many ways (post Crimean and current Ukraine crises), Putin's increasingly pugilistic personality

As with the Russian murder of Alexander Litvinenko in 2006 Putin occasionally and unsubtlely reminds his intelligence agents that if they defect they may die a terrible death. Skripal and his daughter Yulia remain in a critical condition in Salisbury District Hospital. They may not live much longer than Litvinenko's 3 weeks.

---

But how did the Russian intelligence find out Skripal was hidden in Salisbury?

Maybe one or several of the following ways:

1.  A lucky spotting by a Russian intelligence employee on a tour of the popular Salisbury Cathedral
     city?
2.  An educated Russian guess on which places UK intelligence hides ex-Russian spies.
3.  A mole in the UK Government informing Russian intelligence as to Skripal's whereabouts and
     possible new identity? 
4.  A UK journalist tipoff, OR
5.  Skripal or his daughter Yulia consciously or unconsciously revealed their Salisbury "safe house"
     to Russian intelligence.

Regarding 4. and/or 5. On [March 24, 2018] the BBC said it contacted one of Skripal’s friends from his school days, who said that he was contacted by [Skripal] in 2012. The friend was Vladimir Timoshkov who told the BBC that he had known Skripal since school days. In 2006, when he learned through the media that Skripal had been convicted of espionage, Timoshkov said he managed to contact Skripal’s daughter, Yulia, after finding her on a social media platform. He remained in contact with her, and in 2012 he received a telephone call from Skripal himself. By that time, the double spy was living in England, having relocated there...” 

Put another way, if you use communications these days it is difficult to remain hidden for years from powerful intelligence agencies out to find/get you. Russian intelligence (including Skripal's old employer, GRU, has a signals-cyber intelligence arm (see 3rd paragraph down) that, on a priority basis, can trace and record intelligence related social media emails and then trace followup phone calls from the UK that are routed to Russia.

It is possible Russian intelligence contacted Skripal, had some sort of TRIPLE AGENT intelligence relationship (informing on the UK) with him, but then Russian intelligence overall found it expedient to kill him (Skripal the defector example, Putin's general anti-West stances).  and also Putin's desire to antagonize the West). More specifically Putin wanted to stoke Russia Againt the West patriotism - part of Putin's campaign for the March 18, 2018 Russian Presidential Election.

So plucky Russians need to consider painful consequences before they enrol in GRU, SVR or FSB

Pete

Is Donald still hot, sweet, luv'n Stormy? Trumpy Toupee & Melania Tweet Not :c)

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From  Australia's government owned  ABC News, March 29, 2018 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-29/donald-trump-stormy-daniels/9596950

"Why Donald Trump hasn't addressed porn star Stormy Daniels by name"

Updated 27 minutes ago
Throughout the 14 months of his presidency, and even before that, Donald Trump has never hesitated to lash out or taunt people who get on his nerves. No one has been spared, from Pope Francis to Kim Jong-un to journalists and even sports figures.
But there's one name you aren't seeing in Mr Trump's tweets (at least, not thus far): Stormy Daniels.
The porn star/video director gave an extensive interview with the US version of 60 Minutes on Sunday night, talking about her alleged affair with Mr Trump in extensive detail.
Speaking in an articulate, determined way, Daniels — whose real name is Stephanie Clifford — calmly discussed how a thug came up to her in 2011 and implied that her daughter could come to harm if she didn't keep silent.
She spoke about the non-disclosure agreement she signed a week and a half before the 2016 election, what journalist Anderson Cooper called "the most famous hush agreement in history".
She also talked about spanking Mr Trump, having dinner with him, and having consensual sex with him in 2006, when she was 27 and he was 60. She didn't enjoy the encounter, Daniels told Cooper, but felt that she didn't have a way to escape it.
It was the 180-degree opposite of the famed 1990 New York Post front page that supposedly quoted Marla Maples, later to become Mr Trump's second wife, as saying her relations with Mr Trump were "the best sex I'd ever had".
Ms Daniels said nothing about the affair was a secret, even though Mr Trump's wife, Melania, had just given birth to their son, Barron, who is now 12 years old.
The reaction from Mr Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen has been understandably irate, and Daniels has been threatened with a $1 million fine every time she speaks about Mr Trump.
Melania Trump's press secretary has asked that the Trumps'"minor child" be spared from being included in any news stories.

So much Fake News. Never been more voluminous or more inaccurate. But through it all, our country is doing great!
And Mr Trump sent out a single cryptic tweet about fake news.

Why he's stayed quiet

But Mr Trump has said nothing about her specifically, for a number of reasons.
First, if Mr Trump were to let loose with tweets about Daniels, he would essentially confirm the entire relationship. There is no question that the NDA exists, or that Ms Daniels received $130,000 from Mr Trump's attorney, Mr Cohen.
But, there is still a question of where that money came from, specifically whether it was drawn from campaign funds, which would be illegal under US law.
Mr Cohen has insisted he paid the money out of his own pocket and that "people are mistaking this for a thing about the campaign", according to Vanity Fair.
Second, the president has a family — five children, including Barron, who lives at the White House; Ivanka, who works at the White House; and Donald Jr., who is going through a divorce — not to mention the First Lady.
The spectre of a sitting president attacking a porn star might be something that the media would relish, and his family actually might cheer him on. But then again, they might not.
Eventually, people will be writing biographies of both the president and his wife, and no doubt they will be writing their own autobiographies at some point, too. Every utterance, every gesture and every tweet becomes historic material.
All of those books are now likely to include pages about Stormy Daniels, and only the President can blunt its impact on the public's view of the First Family for generations to come.

Pre-nup 'a hard, ugly tool'

Also, there is the question of the relationship between the First Lady and the President, one of the most talked about in Washington since Bill and Hillary Clinton, who was rumoured to have thrown a lamp at her husband in anger over his behaviour.
Mr Trump has had pre-nuptial agreements with all three of his wives. He told New York Magazine that he actually thought his agreement with Melania, before their marriage in 2005, had made their relationship stronger.
Media player: "Space" to play, "M" to mute, "left" and "right" to seek.
VIDEO: Stormy Daniels v Monica Lewinsky: History repeating itself? (ABC News)
"It's a hard, painful, ugly tool," said Mr Trump. "Believe me, there's nothing fun about it. But there comes a time when you have to say, 'Darling, I think you're magnificent, and I care for you deeply, but if things don't work out, this is what you're going to get.'"
In addition to financial settlements, some pre-nups also spell out the assumptions for each party in the marriage, and whether fidelity is expected. It's completely possible that there are no such expectations in the Trump pre-nup.
And yet, if Mr Trump were to attack Daniels by name, it could be fodder for any future legal actions by his wife, whether or not she decides to stay married.
It seems incredible to be talking about a president, his wife and a porn star, but that is the state of Washington in 2018.
And, the situation is not even the greatest of Mr Trump's problems, given that he is already preoccupied with what former FBI director Robert Mueller may be digging up on Russian interference in the 2016 election.
Daniels, however, seems to have accomplished something that no one in Mr Trump's staff has been able to do. She has put the President's speaker on mute."
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