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South Korean Lithium-ion Batteries for Submarine use Estimates

November 7, 2019, 9:07 pm
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Following Submarine Matters’article of November 5, 2019 there is still little published information on South Korea’s (SK’s) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for submarine use. To partly fill the gap Anonymous has provided likely estimates and links below.

Significant estimates for SK LIB include dimensions of battery modules and total price of the SK LIBs producer SAMSUG SDI battery modules for the DSME 2000 and KSS-III Batch 2 submarines. This is based on the video and other data - see[1]and [2]below.

DSME 2000 and KSS-III Batch 2 submarines will be equipped with the same battery tray, but, the number and total energy of battery trays will be different. 2,200 ton DSME 2000s will have 128 trays producing total energy of 8.6 MWh. While 3,700 ton (submerged)  KSS-III Batch 2s will have 192 trays producing 12.9 MWh).

SK LIBs price per unit power [measured in US$/Wh] is quite low and may be cheaper than lead-acid batteries (LABs). That is a ratio of US$0.3 for a SAMSUNG SDI LIB cell compared to US$0.69 for a Japanese GS-YUASA LAB cell. Meanwhile a Japanese GS-YUASA LIB cell (developed for Japan’s Soryu subs) may cost US$1.61. From the viewpoint of cost, DSME 2000 may be serious export competition to the TKMS Type 214, SAAB A26 and Naval Group Scorpene.


(above and below) LIBs in yellow can be seen on these future DSME 2000 submarine models. (Above courtesy Naval News and Below courtesy IHS Markit/M Boruah )


[1] Assumptions

As the LIBs market for submarines is extremely small, SAMSUM SDI will use existing battery modules and cells of proven reliability.

Use a standard battery trays in future DSME 2000s and KSS-III Batch 2s reduces costs.

Battery trays arrangements in the battery section of DSME 2000s is 8 rows x 8 columns and in the KSS-III Batch 2s it is 12 rows x 8 columns. Such arrangements minimize stray magnetic fields.
Dimensions (W x D x H in mm) of battery trays are from 500 x 300 x 900 to around 600 x 400 x 1200.

A battery tray consists of 8 battery modules. A battery module in turn consists of 12 cells.

The price per submarine of  LABs is around US$137 million and if it were to have LIBs the price currently is around US$780 million (or 85 Billion Japanese Yen). Cost of LIBs is currently very high as they are new, rare and still include high development costs portions in their overall price. Costs would also include extensive computer control for safety. But LIBs have many advantages (longer lasting between recharges, faster and deeper charging by diesel engines, and SK LIBs will have about twice as many cycles (4,000) compared to LABs (2,000). The price of battery trays are more expensive than the sum of their cells.

[2] Possible battery module and cell

A SAMSUNG SDI Battery module used for submarine may be designated M8994 E2. See the specifications and small diagram of the M8994 E2, under the subheading “2016 module” by scrolling about half way down http://www.samsungsdi.com/upload/ess_brochure/Samsung%20SDI%20brochure_EN.pdf 
Note Energy quoted is 8.39kWh, Dimensions 370 x 588 x 160mm, weight <60kg span="">.60kg>

Does the SAMSUNG SDI LIBs for submarine use the chemical formula Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) abbreviated NMC?Such a cell is the SAMSUNG 94 Ah. see https://pushevs.com/2017/02/20/details-samsung-sdi-94-ah-battery-cell/where Energy is 350Wh, Dimensions 173x125x45mm, weight 2kg, price 162.69€,

Scrolling a fifth way down https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ionat “Figure 7: Snapshot of NMC” you will see NMC has a good balance of characteristics, ie: Specific Energy, Specific Power, Safety, Performance, Life span and Cost.

Battery tray. Estimated specification of tray consisted of eight layers of M8994 E2 with dimensions (W x D x H in mm) = 588 x 370 x 1280.

Calculation of energy of KSS-III Batch 2 is 8.39kWh (energy of M8994 E2) x 8 (layers of M8994 E2 in a battery tray) x (12 x 8) (row and column of battery tray) x 2 (battery sections) = 12.88MWh.

DSME, SAMSUNG SDI, GS-YUASA and any other readers are invited to correct, fill-in and thereby expand public knowledge on specifications of LIBs for submarines and comparison with LABs.
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Any US Block on Philippines Buying Submarines a Big Mistake

November 12, 2019, 12:09 am
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Nicky on November 9, 2019 made interesting comments on Submarine Matters article South Korea Could Export Submarines to Philippines of November 6, 2019 to which I respond.

No matter the US attitude to human rights in the Philippines (Phils) the US has little influence over what country the Phils buys submarines from. The US has not exported a conventional sub in decades so wouldn’t itself export subs to the Phils. Furthermore the US combat system (eg. sensors and computer components) are generally too electrical power hungry to be included in any submarines that other countries would export to the Phils.

The risk is if there are even small US components on subs of potential sub suppliers to the Philippines (ie. German-TKMS, French-Naval Group, Spanish-Navantia, Swedish-Saab or South Korean-DSME) the US might block such a sale on intellectual property-licencing grounds. The Philippines may then turn to suppliers that have no US components, ie. China and Russia.

If the US did try to pressure the Phils on a submarine buy over human rights or other reasons this might just encourage the Phils to "do a Thailand". Thailand was heavily criticized by the US after Thailand's 2014 coup. Thailand commenced the purchase of 3 Chinese submarines in 2015. Alternatively US pressure might speed the Phils into the arms of Putin with a possible sale of Russian built Kilo subs to the Phils.

The Philippines buying submarines from China or Russia would not be an outcome that the US (though tending to downgrade established alliances under Trump) would want.

If a sale of Chinese or Russian submarines did occur this may mean years of Russian or Chinese supervision of Philippine submarines (and perhaps increased undersea sensor laying). This would heighten the geographical reality that Philippine archipelago forms a part barrier to access of US submarines from Squadron 15 (based in Guam) to the South China Sea. 

Even though the US no longer has air or naval bases in the Philippines USN SSNs, SSGNs and surface ships still visit the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. 

The US also relies on the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) with the Philippines which permits US Special Forces to fight and advise against Philippine Islamist-Separatist “terrorists” in the southern Philippines - part of the US’s international “War on Terrorism”. Some of these terrorists can be categorized as Islamic State while others come under the longer established acronyms MNLF and MILF. 

Thursday I'll respond to rhk111's November 10, 2019 comments. 

Pete
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Further Estimated Propulsion Details for the Future KSS-III Batch 2 Submarines

November 12, 2019, 10:18 pm
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On November 8, 2019 Anonymous providedfurther estimated propulsion details for South Korea’s future KSS-III Batch 2. This follows Submarine Matters’ article "South Korean Lithium-ion Batteries for Submarine use Estimates" of November 8, 2019.

Anonymous writes:

Interesting energy technologies likely to be used in the future KSS-III Batch 2 submarines are as follows.

1 Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs)

Use of the NMC type LIB. Full formula is Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2).

Experimental and estimates cycle lives of SAMSUNG SDI 94Ah battery cell are 3,600 (red circles) and for 4,600 cycles (red dotted line, capacity 80%), respectively. 120Ah will be achieved soon [1].

Total energy for the future DSME 2000 submarine using 94Ah/111 battery cells is 8.6/10.1/11.0 MWh and KSS-III Batch 2 submarine using Ah/120Ah battery cells is 12.9/15.2/16.4 MWh.

2 Propulsion motor [2]
Propulsion motors consist of two motors (blue big one, silver small one) connected directly to each other. This system is different from Siemens’ PERMASYN and Jeumont Electric’s MAGTONIC. A small motor rotates at low speed while two motors rotate at middle/high speed.

3 Diesels engines [2]
The appearance of the diesel is different from the 12PA4 V200 SMDS (MAN Diesel & Turbo). The positions of DM-185 (UDMZ) ? compressor are different as is the MTU 12V 4000 U83 generator which has twin turbos. Has South Korea succeeded in developing a new diesel for submarine?

4 Hydrogen sources in Fuel Cell AIP: patent issue.
As DSME has no full patent rights to use metal hydride for hydrogen in a KSS-III Batch 2’s FC AIP, the use of metal hydride would be difficult without Siemens’ permission. Such permission would be expensive. Another hydrogen sources such as a carbon nanotube might be used, but there are still patent barriers.

[1] For display photos, data and tables on Samsung SDI 94Ah LIB cells 
see https://insideevs.com/news/338067/bmw-i3-samsung-sdi-94-ah-battery-rated-for-524000-miles/
“Samsung SDI is presenting at the 2018 Energy Storage Europe in Germany its latest high-energy density 111 Ah battery cells for energy storage purposes along with its 94 Ah cells used in all-electric cars.” And, see page 5/5, Figure “Samsun 94Ah battery cells”.

[2] starting at https://youtu.be/SWIBOmw9VRQ?t=5m50s (help to read the "CC" closed captions)  the diesel generator and propulsion motor (depicted as a gray ring?) can be seen 6 minutes 52 seconds in. 
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Further LIB Details for Italy's Future Type 212NFS Submarine

November 13, 2019, 12:01 am
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Anonymous provided further Lithium-ion Battery (LIB) details on November 11, 2019 concerning Italy’s 4 future Type 212NFS (Near Future Submarines). This follows Submarine Matters’ article "Type 212NFS Submarines with Lithium-ion Batteries planned by Italy" of October 29, 2019

 

Anonymous wrote (with some editing by Pete)

Based on the structure of the Type 212A and LIBs by FAAM total battery energy of the Type 212NFS was estimated to 8 MWh [1-3].K. R. Energy (parent company of FAAM see page 5) sees LIBs for the Type 212NFS as an opening to broader defense use of LIBs. So FAAM presumably offered a discount price for Type 212NFS LIBs [4].

The amount of LIBs for Fuel Cell AIP submarines, such as those built by DSME in South Korea and TKMS in Germany, is relatively small. While Japanese Soryu Mark II (Mk II) submarines, which will no longer use their Stirling engine AIP, will be equipped with large amounts of LIBs.

Both the Type 212NFS and Type 212CD will have non-magnetic steel hulls and LIBS. The Type 212NFS will be different from the Type 212CD. The German and Norwegian navies have selected Type 212CD presumably, in part, to avoid Russian fixed undersea sensor networks in Russian waters in the Baltic and North Seas and Arctic Ocean[5].

[1]https://www.udt-global.com/__media/libraries/sensors-and-processing/116---Vincenzo-Pennino-Slides.pdfsee page 17

[2]A battery module of 4 columns, 6 rows and 5 layers of cylindrical battery cells (diameter 63mm, length 225mm) was considered. Size and capacity of battery module is Depth 252mm (63mm x 4), Width 378mm(63mm x 6), Height  1225mm (225mm x 5) and 25.0kWh (65A x 3.2 V x 120 battery cells)

[3]Battery section (length ca. 10m) is under the weapons stowage and handling room in a Type 212A. 40 columns and 8 rows of battery modules (320 battery modules, 8 MWh) are assumed to be in the battery section.

[4]K. R. Energy’s (parent company of FAAM), Full Company Report (of June 4, 2018) indicated Lithium and defence are the key drivers of the investment case, see page 52:

“ 2) the reaching of a deal on the supply of battery packs for the new Italian Navy U-212 “NFS” submarines represent major triggers for the investment case, possibly materializing in the next 6 months."

Also see page 29:

“In the [K R Energy]  management’s expectations, each of the above segments may absorb ~10% of its Li-ion output; this stance appears to be rather cautious: consider that the battery pack of a single submarine can have a 70 MW capacity [!]: if KRE gets a contract for similar platforms, its 200 MW production capacity would be easily saturated.”

[5]Rosoboronexport is the sole state intermediary agency for Russia's exports/imports of defense-related and dual use products, technologies and services. See http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/stationary-electronic-systems/komor/ on:

“The Komor electromagnetic stationary submarine detection system [more commonly known as magnetic anomaly detector] is designed to control the sea-situation to ASW border”

Anonymous (with some editing by Pete)
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Submarine Choices for the Phillipines

November 14, 2019, 1:22 am
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A comment by jaimecenturion101indicatesthe Armed Forces of the Philippines’ Horizon Modernization Program saw a need for between 2 and 6 submarines from the 2020s. In 2018 current Philippine Navy chief, Vice Admiral Robert Empedrad pushed hard for (conventional diesel-electric) submarines to be included in medium term plans.

 

rhk111 on November 10, 2019 made interesting comments on Submarine Matters article South Korea Could Export Submarines to Philippines and an additional comment of November 13, 2019 under article "Any US Block on Philippines Buying Submarines a Big Mistake". rhk111’s November 13 comment indicated the Philippine President had little constitutional power if the President had any inclination to source submarines from China or Russia. The Philippine military (including Philippine Navy (PN) is reputedly still mostly pro-US.

 

Pete comment – This pro-US orientation/tradition might undergo change if the US imposed pro-Human Rights embargoes/punishments on the Philippines. If thePNwere starved of Western submarine choices because the US imposed a ban on any US parts in these submarines then a PN preference for non-US parts subs (ie. Russian or Chinese) may grow.

 

China - Yuan variant S20s

 

China has been marketing an export Yuan class variant known as the S20 in the Asian region with one being bought by the Thai Navy under the designation S26Tand two expected to be bought. Eight S20s will be sold (or perhaps virtually gifted) to the Pakistani Navy.


The high cost of submarines means that the relationship between seller country and buyer is often highly political. For example the 8 x S20s to being sold by China to Pakistan has alliance cementing aspects being a naval means to contain/encircle their mutual adversary, India.

However, as China has probably been the main adversary of the Philippines in South China Seas frictions one would think it unlikely the Philippines would buy submarines from China, but surprises can happen. For example China could offer subs at very low “foot in the door” prices.

 

Russia – Improved Kilo submarines

 

Russia successfully exported Kilo submarines up to the mid 1990s and then an Improved Kilo class development (Project 636) exported since 1996. China received 10 Improved Kilos, Vietnam (6) and Algeria (4).


Russia’s export of 6 Improved Kilos to Vietnam provided an opportunity to increase Russian influence. One reason being many Vietnamese submarine naval officers, petty officers and especially engineers were stationed in Russia for years to learn Russian in order to become proficient at all the Improved Kilos procedures. These Russian influences may be carried over to Cam Ranh main base back in Vietnam - see this article from Vietnam.

A large number of naval, civilian political and economic factors go into submarine selection. Reasons include the vast costs of purchasing, training, crewing and maintenance involved.

Another major selection criteria What does the PN want to do with the submarines?

Often the main use in peacetime is surveillance of non-state actors eg. Islamic terrorist-separatists (in southern Philippines?) smugglers, private army "wars" and illegal fishing boats, surveillance of adversary navies (Chinese Navy and others nosing around “West Philippine Sea” islands with undersea oil/gas potential) and to create doubt in adversary navies’ captains if they decide to trespass in Philippine waters.

Submarine uses in wartime still includes surveillance and threat creating doubt, a sub’s torpedoes and anti-ship missiles can sink enemy ships, expediting naval blockades, a sub’s land attack missiles can hit cities and high value military targets, also a sub laying mines in-near enemy harbours/bases.

Potential Western sellers to the Philippines and some key strength, weaknesses include:

Franch Naval Group’s (NG’s) Scorpenes

A mature export design (so development costs long paid for) as it has been sold since the 1990s to 4 customers including Malaysia. Generous commissions possible (as in Malaysia). If the PN wants AIP(especially useful for longer term submerged surveillance missions sitting on the seabed) then NG’s second generation AIP may be almost ready (but such AIP may be expensive due to recent development costs). NG is French Government owned so corporate structure likely to remain stable. Can often speak English.

Germany’s TKMS – Type 209s and 214s

Could offer the Type 209 (no AIP) or Type 214 (with a mature AIP though expensive). Type 209s and 214s are mature designs sold to many export customers. Corruption opportunities generally low. TKMS corporate structure may be subject to change in medium-long term. German staff might generally speak English.

South Korea’s (SK’s) DSME

Can offer ChangBogo Type 209 variant. Mature design. Nine sold to SK Navy. Three have been delivered to Indonesia with 3 more on order – all as Nagapasa-class. Maturity, established sales record and known efficiency of SK shipping industry tend to indicate on-time, on-budget. Medium corruption opportunities?

SK also builds Type 214 variants (with AIP) for SK Navy. But SK has no licence to export Germany’s highly valuable mature Fuel Cell AIP technology.

DSME 2000 concept export submarine – too early to assess, but purchase cost would be high for first customer(s) as it would be a new submarine design incorporating new Lithium-ion Battery technology. English proficiency may be low.

Sweden’s Saab-Kockums - A26 Submarines

A new design though influenced by Sweden’s Gotland class. Two A26s (called Blekinge-class) being built for Swedish Navy. Has mature Stirling AIP. Low corruption opportunities. With just 2 x A26s not yet built Sweden’s development costs likely to boost price for any initial export customer(s). Though Sweden originally built subs for cold water Baltic Sweden successfully modified Challengerand Archerclass subs for warm water/air Singaporean Navy. Swedish staff generally speak good English.

Spain’s Navantia S-80 Plus

First S-80 Plus (Isaac Peral) class not yet completed for Spanish Navy after a troubled development. Its AIP immature as it has not been tested operationally. Some of prolonged development costs likely to be passed on to export customer(s). Includes some sensitive US combat system components (and Harpoon missiles) that may not be exportable from Spain. Navantia staff may speak English and definitely Spanish.

Japan? or other exporters (eg. Taiwan?) unknown.

Pete
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Lithium-ion Battery Matters on Type 212 Submarine Variants

November 18, 2019, 12:28 am
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Anonymous has provided further details on Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) matters on TKMS future Type 212 variants following the November 13, 2019 article.

Based on the structure of existing Type 212A and battery by FAAB (aka FAAM – see below) total battery energy of Type 212NFS (Near Future Submarine) was estimated to 4-6MWh[1-3]considerably larger than current Type 214A (2-3MWh) with Lead-acid Batteries (LABs) [1a].

As K. R. Energy (parent company of FAAM (aka FAAB)) thinks LIBs for 212NFS are triggers for defense use of LIBs, FAAB presumably show discount price [4].

The amount of LIBs for AIP submarine such as South Korea and Germany is small, while non-AIP Japanese submarine equips with large amount of LIBs.

Both Type 212NFS and future Type 212CD  (Common Design) have non-magnetic hulls and LIBS. Type 212NFS is different from Type 212CD (which Norway selected presumably to avoid electromagnetic submarine detection by Russia) [5].Is capacity of 70MWh (70MW is wrong expression?) for Type 212NFS mistake of 7MW[6]?

Notes

[1] https://www.udt-global.com/__media/libraries/sensors-and-processing/116---Vincenzo-Pennino-Slides.pdf

Page 17/32

[1a] ibid, page16/32
Capacity and volume of module consisted of 120 cells are 25.2kWh and 135.5L. Volumetric capacity of module is 186Wh/L-module (=25.2kWh/135.5L). Assuming capacity of 75Wh/L for LIB, then total capacity of LIBs in battery section is 1.95MWh [=(75Wh/L)/(186Wh/L)]. In the case of module consisted of 96 cells, total capacity of LABs is 2.29MWh. In these cases, Battery Management System (BMS) is not considered for LIBs. Then, actual total capacity of LABs may be 2-3MWh.

[2]Dimension (D x W x H [m])of battery section in Type 212A is estimated to be 10m x 2- 3m x 1.6m [3]. Based on dimension (diameter 63mm, length 225mm), weight metric capacity (139Wh/kg) and weight (1.510-1.520kg) LIB by FAAB, total capacity of Type 212NFS is estimated as follows. 

Case I
96 cells are arranged in a battery module (6 columns x 4 rows x 4 layers = 478 x 252 x 900mm). Dimension (D x W x H) of battery section is 10 x 2 x 1.6m. In this case, 192 battery modules arranged in a battery section (24 columns x 8 rows) with 18432 cells. Then, total weight of cell is 27.8t and capacity of total cell is 3.87MWh (=139Wh/kg x 27800kg). In this case, ideal minimization of stray magnetic field in x, y and z directions is achieved.

Case II
120 cells are arranged in a battery module (6 columns x 4 rows x 5 layers = 478 x 252 x 1125mm). Dimension (D x W x H) of battery section is 10 x 2 x 1.6m. In this case, 192 battery modules arranged in a battery section (24 columns x 8 rows) with 23040 cells. Then, total weight of cell is 34.8t and capacity of total cell is 4.84MWh (=139Wh/kg x 34800kg).

Case III
96 cells are arranged in a battery module (6 columns x 4 rows x 4 layers=478 x 252 x 900mm). Dimension (D x W x H) of battery section is 10 x 3 x 1.6m. In this case, 288 battery modules arranged in a battery section (24 columns x 12 rows) with 27072 cells. Then, total weight of cell is 40.9t and capacity of total cell is 5.68MWh (=139Wh/kg x 40900kg).

[3]Stray magnetic field caused by batteries has three directions, x (horizontal bow-stern), y (horizontal starboard-port), z (vertical). Minimization of stray magnetic field in x and y directions is conducted by even number arrangement of battery modules which cancels stray magnetic field by battery module pairing. Battery modules near the starboard or port wall of pressure hull locates at higher position than those on the keel due to cylindrical cross section of pressure hull, resulting vertical (z direction) unbalance of stray magnetic field. Usually minimization of stray magnetic field is mainly conducted on x and y directions, not on z direction. In Type 212A, to achieve thorough magnetic transparency, minimization of stray magnetic field in z direction is presumably conducted by adopting long and narrow battery section in addition to non-magnetic hull. Dimension (D x W x H [m]) of battery section in Type 214A is estimated to be 10m x 2- 3m x 1.6m based on its structure.

As Norway Navy also demands magnetic transparency for Type 212CD, shape of its battery section will resemble Type 212A or 212NFS. In Case I arrangement with two battery section for Type 212CD, its battery capacity is 7.74MWh with perfect minimization of stray magnetic field.

In DSME2000 and KSS-III Batch2 submarine by South Korea, battery arrangement in z direction is in normal manner. If it is true, magnetic steel such as HY100 is used for pressure hull.

[4]Concerning K. R. Energy (parent company of FAAM (aka FAAB) see Full Company Report (page 52/56) Lithium and defence are the key drivers of the investment case,

“ 2) the reaching of a deal on the supply of battery packs for the new Italian Navy U-212 “NFS” submarines represent major triggers for the investment case, possibly materializing in the next 6 months.

[5]Rosoboronexport (the sole state intermediary agency for Russia's exports/imports of defense-related and dual use products, technologies and services) http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/stationary-electronic-systems/komor/

“The Komor electromagnetic stationary submarine detection system is designed to control the sea-situation to ASW border”

[6]As capacity of FAAB-cell is 139Wh/kg, the amount of LIBs, which is currently 35-41t has to increase to 500t (=70x10^6[Wh]/139[Wh/kg]) to achieve a total capacity of 70MWh.

Anonymous
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Secret Plans for Non-Chinese Port Outside Darwin For Rotating US Marines

November 19, 2019, 11:12 pm
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Gradual changes are happening in defense dispositions in Australia, in terms of future possibilities and actual happenings. Perceptions of a withdrawal of US forces and any decline in the US's relative power may depend on the country and the officialness of the country's institutions.

Following Submarine Matters’ article “US told 2 Days After Sale of Port of Darwin to a Chinese Company” November 24, 2015, Australia’s ABC News reportedJune 23, 2019:

“Secret plans for new port outside Darwin to accommodate visiting US Marines”

"Secret planning has begun for a new port facility just outside Darwin which could eventually help US Marines operate more readily in the Indo-Pacific.

Precise details remain tightly guarded but senior defence and federal government figures concede the proposal may risk angering China even though it's a commercial port, not a new military base.

Projected site of Glyde Point Port (which may accommodate US warships) relative to Darwin Port (leased to a Chinese company for 99 years). (Map above courtesy ABC News June 2019)
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The folly of leasing Darwin Port for 99 years. Map illustrates Darwin's key position in relation to some strategic concerns (eg. Indonesia, now independent East Timor and Papua New Guinea). Originating map-maker unknown.
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Multiple officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity, have confirmed to the ABC the multi-use development would be in the Glyde Point area, roughly 40 kilometres north-east of Darwin's existing port.[see map above]

In the past, the location has been earmarked by the Northern Territory Government as a possible future industrial port site given its relatively deep waters, but funding arrangements for the yet-to-be announced project remain unclear.

Darwin port, which was controversially leased to a Chinese company in 2015, has existing defence facilities such as a multi-user barge ramp, but the new proposed facility would have the additional advantages of being less busy and less visible.

If approved, the new [Glyde Point] port could eventually be able to accommodate large amphibious warships such as Australia's Landing Helicopter Docks, and American vessels such as the USS Wasp, which recently arrived in Sydney. Strategic experts believe a new deep-water port would be ideally suited for the more than 2,000 US Marines and their equipment during regular rotationsthrough [Australia's Northern Territory].

"The Americans are clearly not withdrawing from the Indo-Pacific, whether it's because of their strategic competition with China or more generally," said [Professor Rory Medcalf, Head of the National Security College at the Australian National University.]

MORE AT ABC NEWS

Pete
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South Korea's Relations With US and Japan Deteriorate Further

November 20, 2019, 6:28 pm
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Following Submarine Matters’ article "Some See Serious Stresses in US-South Korean Alliance" of September 18, 2019 Anonymous commented (with some improved English editing by Pete) on November 20, 2019:

 

The South Korean (SK) President Moon Jae-in rejected maintenance of the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) (the deadline is November 23, 2019) in talks with a US delegation (led by US Defense Secretary Mark Esper). The Special Measures Agreement (SMA) negotiation with the US is also not working at all [1, 2]. Withdrawal from the GSOMIA and a breakdown in negotiations on the SMA are likely to happen. According to Japanese academic Takashi Suzuki, the situation on withdrawal of US-SK alliance is deteriorating faster than he expected and will be soon critical [3].

[1]“Moon: Difficult to reconsider GSOMIA termination”, NHK-WORLD, Nov/15/2019
https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20191115_45/
SK President Moon Jae-in says it would be difficult to review the country's decision to scrap the GSOMIA intelligence-sharing pact with Japan, as long as Japan keeps its export controls against SK in place.

[2]”U.S. envoy cuts short troop funding negotiations in South Korea”, Jen Kwon, CBS NEWS, Nov/19/2019,https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-south-korea-funding-sma-american-military-presence-kim-jong-uns-deadline-looms-2019-11-19/
Shortly after James DeHart, a US State Department senior advisor, walked out of the talks on November 17, 2019, top SK negotiator, Jeong Eun Bo, said there was "a significant difference between the overall US proposal and the principles that [SK wants] to engage in."
The Special Measures Agreement (SMA) is the formal document that lays out US-SK cost sharing for the American military deployment in SK.

[3]”Moon Jae-in declared GSOMIA war against JSA. Shift from “Boiling Frog” tactics to early withdrawal of US-South Korea Alliance.” by Japanese academic Takashi Suzuki, DAILY SHINCHO, Nov/18/2019, https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2019/11181631/?all=1[translated from Japanese and Korean] Suzukirefers to the Japan-SK tensions over the likely GSOMIA breakdown and the lack of US influence to stop the breakdown.

Suzuki’s reference to the “Boiling Frog” fable in the Japan-SK-US relations context means “If you drop a frog into hot water, it dies immediately. But, if you drop a frog (= people) into warm water, it is happy because warm water is effective for health. Then if you slowly heat the water, it dies peacefully. This means SK’s Moon Jae-in tricks people by honey words and tried to end slowly the alliance. But, now, he changes time-consuming Boiling Frog tactics. Soon or later, Moon Jae-in administration makes US a bad guy and tries early withdrawal of the US-SK alliance.”

Underestimation of the US-SK alliance and cheating of US by SK makes US furious regarding SK’s hard posture in GSOMIA and SMA negotiations. As China and North Korea strongly dislike the GSOMIA pact between Japan and SK, withdrawal of GSOMIA implies shift of SK from the blue team to the red team. Previously, SK’s Moon Jae-in promised US maintenance of GSOMIA, but, Moon Jae-in broke the promise including other lies. The Moon Jae-in administration utilizes hard posture of US in GSOMIA and SMA negotiations to stir up nationalism of SK people and to try an early withdrawal from the US-SK alliance.

Takashi Suzukiwrote the book “U.S.-Korean Alliance Disappearance”, published on 
October 17, 2018.

Anonymous
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USN's Future NEMESIS Drone Swarms to Blind Enemy Sensor Defences

November 22, 2019, 1:05 pm
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No Australian Slouch Hats in Submarines!

November 24, 2019, 11:39 pm
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1 minute 38 seconds in - the side of a slouch hat is pinned up for fashion or to facilitate rifle drill.

2 to 5 min - slouch hats used in Europe and the US Civil War. Slouch hats in action are wide brimmed
                      and unpinned to keep the sun and rain off.

8 min 7 secs onwards - Australian slouch hat (ASH) history.

8m 10s - ASH in Boer War and more detail 

10:07 - ASH in the "Great War" ie WWI. A combination of ASH and other hats at Gallipoli, 1915.

11:22 - ASH in WWII

12:02 - ASH today

I used to wear a slouch hat in the Australian Army Reserve, although I was not a very good soldier (I couldn't do things automatically). Dad was a much better soldier - here wearing an Armoured Corps black beret. 

P.S. There seem to be no biographical details on the Internet for "The History Guy" wonder why?

P.P.S. Submarines lack headroom. So hats are more a submarine movie and/or PR thing? And there is now very little sun - keeping in the shade - worry. 

Pete
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Pete Moving to Bigger Place - Sexy French & Israeli? Nuclear Tests

November 26, 2019, 11:16 pm
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I'm moving to a bigger place. So Submarine Matters will be a bit quiet for the next 2 weeks.



Meanwhile be charmed (1 minute, 10 seconds into the video above) by the wickedly sexy English female narrator as she describes France's 18 early nuclear bomb tests. These took place at Reggane and Ekker in the French Sahara. 

According toLieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a 1999 reportto the USAF Counterproliferation Center "Progress in nuclear science and technology in France and Israelremained closely linked throughout the early fifties." Furthermore, according to Farr, "There were several Israeli observers at the French nuclear tests and the Israelis had 'unrestricted access to French nuclear test explosion data.'"[6]”

The video is set to uplifting, lyrical, theme music, in the Saharan sands.

Australia has vast deserts for our own tests...one day.

Enjoy 

Pete
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Thailand to Monitor Myanmar's New-Old Indian Submarine

December 9, 2019, 2:47 am
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The Bangkok Post, December 9, 2019 reports the Thai Navy will monitor Myanmar's "new" ex-Indian Kilo submarine - due to become operational in the Myanmar Navy on December 24, 2019.

As India only transfered-gifted? this 32 year old submarine to Myanmar after mid 2019 it is likely that many Indian "advisers" will be aboard. Such Indian advisers will be essential for command, control, sonar sensing, engine room operations, weapons handling, etc - just about everything.


The Thai interest is particularly because Thailand and Myanmar share the submarine's proposed operating area - which is the Andaman Sea. Bangladesh, which has some territorial issues with Myanmar might also use its 2 Ming-class submarines to monitor Myanmar's new Kilo.
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Australia's Future Submarine: US distrusts the French, Huge Cost Blowouts

December 9, 2019, 10:46 pm
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See Robert Gottliebsen of The Australian's excellent  article “Submarines project a $220bn disaster” of December 10, 2019 at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/defence/submarines-project-a-220bn-disaster/news-story/ed563e92a735dfea84f8ed1adede153b.

Robert Gottliebsen reveals major distrust between the US (which is providing the combat system for Australia's future Attack-class submarine) and the French (who are designing the sub, choosing the contractors, and will oversee its assembly in Adelaide, South Australia).

In the same article Robert Gottliebsen also reveals:

"The Australian government announced in 2016 that it would be paying $50 billion, inflation protected, for the submarines. By 2018 that had blown out to $90 billion. 

At that time, with help, I estimated that the final costs over the life of the submarines, including maintenance etc, would be around $225 billion.

I expected that [Australian] defence chiefs would deny such an incredibly high estimate. Two years later they have now confirmed my estimate, which makes me suspect that the real costs are much higher...."
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↧

Russian "Sever-E" SOSUS systems on sale. Not Top Secret. Why?

December 12, 2019, 6:12 pm
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Checkout this Russian arms export agency (Rosoboronexport) advertisement for normally Top Secret SOSUS (undersea sound surveillance system) equipment.

Why might Russia broadcast the sale and characteristics (below) of “Sever-E” SOSUS so openly? No other country-company advertises SOSUS equipment for sale - to my knowledge.

See Sever-E's description and graphics on the Rosoboronexport website http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/stationary-electronic-systems/sever-e/ below:

"Sever-E
Static sonar system

Mission

The Sever-E static passive sonar system is designed to surveillance undersea situation for search surface and underwater objects at vast areas, low-noise submarines essentially.

Features

  •  search and detection of submarines, surface ships by their sonar fields, with the determination of their coordinates;
  • tracking of the detected targets, computation of their parameters (heading, speed, movement pattern);
  • classification of the tracking targets by their noise signatures;
  •  automated transmitting tactical situation data processed for Task Force targeting by means different communication channels, satellite including.

·     Capabilities

The Sever-E system is capable of detecting ships and low-noise submarines, being deployed along an up to 1,000 km long borderline, at a deep of up to 200 km off-shore and placed at seabed at an up to 1,000 m depth. Coverage zones – 30-30,000 sq. km. Thanks to high reliability of its components the system can operate continuously for 10 years without the need for retrieving the bottom equipment.

Main characteristics

Sonar arrays
8-60


Underwater coverage area (for objects with 0.05-0.1 Pa noise), sq.km
1-9


Surface coverage area (for objects with 0.05-5 Pa noise), sq.km
30-300


Coastal equipment area, sq.m
20-30


Shift crew
2-4


Power consumption, kW
2-4


Service life, years
10

Graphics 



[What looks like a passive (green hydrophone) and white cables (to carry the 2-4 kW electical power and fibre optic portion for data)] 
---
[Electronic/computer sound signal intercept display equipment for the 2 to 4 crew members (working on 6 hour or 12 hour shifts?)]
---


[Illustralion how 3 green Sever-E hydrophones detect and triangulate a submarine approaching the Sever-E SOSUS line-array. Something that may happen to Western submarines when they presume their approaches to Russian Northern Fleet and Pacific Fleet bases are "undetected".]"
↧

Huge Study on Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for Submarines

December 16, 2019, 2:04 am
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Anonymous has produced an excellent and huge study of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for submarines. This has involved summarising specifications, advantages and other LIBs qualities  based on recent information in Submarine Matters and Anonymous's own estimates. In this exercise Anonymous has generated new insights. 

This whole exercise is the first draft of a tool that will be refined and revised to increase the body of  information and understanding of LIBs for submarine.

Some of the most interesting data and estimates concerns Chinese and Russian submarines (see the parts highlighted in yellow or redded).

In this first draft some graphical matter and illustrations created by Anonymous and sent to me in word.doc could not be transferred into blogger .html language. Over time we will find ways to get around this problem. 

Much of the most useful detail is in Tables 2. 3. and 4.

Summary 
(of possible adoption of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) in future submarine classes)

§  In current AIP submarine [which have Lead-acid Batteries (LABs) the energy of LABs is considerably lower than for non-AIP submarines (like Soryu/29SS) which will have LIBs]. Soryu/29SS will show best performance at high speed (see Table 4).

§  The LIBs in future South Korean 2000t (eg. the DSME 2000) and 3000t (eg. the KSS-III Batch 2) subs will generate higher energy at ever lower costs. The 2000t submarine will become a strong competitor of the future Type 214 (which may have LIBs).

§  In the TKMS Type 212CD and Italian built Type 212NFS, non magnetic hulls and minimal magnetic field created by batteries will be important.  For those subs the width of battery groups will be narrow to make variation of vertical position of battery groups small.

§  Australia’s future Attack-class may adopt bigger battery groups than Type 212CDs. If Naval Group fully adopts LIBs in the early 2020s, then possible Naval Group Shortfin-for-Walrus-replacement and future LIB-Scorpene may precede an Attack class equipped with LIBs – with all Naval Group classes adopting the same LIBs battery groups. If the future Attack-class retains LABs then this may be a waste of time and money.

§  Numbers and energy (192 pieces, 6.1MWh) of LIBs for China’s Yuan 039B is significantly smaller than reported figures (960 pieces, 32MWh). WB-LYP10000AHA shows excellent performance as Iron Phosphate based battery.

§  Energy level of LIBs (if adopted) for Russia's Lada/Amur-class may be the same as Western counterparts. [This is noting that Russia has made so little progress with AIP (for Ladas/Amurs in 20 years) that Russia may upgrade future Ladas/Amurs with LIBs instead.] 

§  SAAB-DAMEN may well be equipped with bigger [heavier] LIBs to satisfy Netherlands Navy requirements [for more energy in its 3,000 ton A26s to replace the Walrus's] .


§  Currently, safety (=no hydrogen generation) and better maintenance of LIBs are emphasized rather than increase in energy except Soryu/29SS (see SORYU TABLE).

-----

Figure 1. (below)


                    Port
Stern
Direct connection of battery groups
Parallel connection of battery strings













































































































































































Starboard



Term
Definition
Battery
A parallel circuit composed of battery groups (blue area surrounded by double solid lines in Fig.1)
Battery string
A series of battery groups;
Battery group
A parallel circuit composed of battery lines (blue area surrounded by single solid lines in Fig.1),
Battery line
A series circuit composed of individual battery cells

A submarine has one battery or two battery compartments. Favorable numbers of battery groups and battery strings are multiples of four (4, 6, 12, etc.) for minimization of indiscrete stray magnetic fields [that enemy sensors may detect. Stray fields may also adversely effect electrical/electronic equipment in a submarine.] Figure 1 is a battery consisted of 10 battery. [Pete had to cut out 8 strings to fit on page...Gomen'nasai!] strings where a battery string consists of 8 battery groups.

-------

Table 2.   Lithium ion battery cells for LIB-submarine
(rev 2)


Lithium ion battery cells are listed in Table 2. The battery cells of FAAM and SAFT are square and others are cylindrical. Square battery cells shows higher efficiency than cylindrical ones. Polymer (PO), LFP (lithium ion phosphate) and ITO show higher safety. The best battery cell of the manufacturer is used for submarine. 

SAMSUNG SDI shows high performance and excellent price by adopting commercial battery cells for EV [what is EV?]. As a reference, Russian latest square type cell (Liotech, LT-LFP72) is introduced. Energy density of LT-LYP (Yttrium added LFP)770 is lower than LT-LFP72[14].

Cell name

Make
Type
D
W
H or L
Weight
Voltage
Capacity
Energy density
Ref



mm
mm
mm
kg
V
Ah
Wh/kg

SLPB160460330H
Kokam  [South Korea, eg]
NMC PO (*1)
14.8
462
327
4.58
3.7
200
164
1
SLPB160460330
Kokam
NMC PO
15.8
462
327
4.51
3,7
240
197
1
94Ah
SAMSUNG SDI
Prismatic NCM
45
173
125
2.01
3.68
94
174
4
111Ah
SAMSUNG SDI
Prismatic NCM
45
173
125
2.01
3.68
111
204
5,6
-
FAAM
LFP
63 (*2)
-
225
1.51
3.2
65
139
7
-
GS-YUASA
NCA
-
-
-
-
3.6
-
250 (*2)

SCiB™ 20Ah
Toshiba
LTO
22
116
106
0.515
2.38
20
89.3
8
SCiB™ 23Ah
Toshiba
LTO
22
116
106
0.55
2.38
23
96.1
8
VL56E (*2)
SAFT
LFP
54.1 (*3)
-
244
(*4)
1.17
3.3
56
158
10
LT-LFP 72 (*5)
Liotech
LFP
135
30
222
= or less than 1.8
3.2
72
130
14

*1 Lithium polymer battery
*2 Diameter
*3 Estimation by using general data
*4 Estimation by using SAFT VL48E and VL52LE
*5 The third generation LFP. Liotech is Russian Lithium ion battery maker.

----------


Table 3.  Lithium ion battery modules (single module) for LIB-submarine
 (rev 2 - By Anonymous December 16, 2019)
 Pete has removed the < and replaced with less than. As < unfortunately confuses the .html language. 


Various factors including diameter of submarine hatch, curvature of pressure hull, dimension and location of batteries, numbers of battery groups and battery modules (4, 8, 12, etc.), and size and performance of battery cell are considered to decide architecture of battery modules. 

Details of SAFT-TKMS battery group are not reported, but, its footprint is expected to resemble FAAM battery group. SAFT-NAVAL battery group is hypothetical model based on SAFT-TKMS battery group.

Module name
Make
Cell name
Cell
D
W
H
Weight
Voltage
Capacity
Energy
Ref



number-
mm
mm
mm
kg
V
Ah
kWh

Green Orca
Floattech
SLPB160460330H
14
542
335
541
82
51.8
200
10.3
2
Green Orca
Floattech
SLPB160460330
14
542
335
541
80
51.8
240
12.4
3
M8994 E2 (*1)
SAMSUNG   SDI
94Ah
24
370
588
160
less than 60
88.3
94
8.39
5,6
E3-090
SAMSUNG SDI
111Ah
24
370
588
160
less than 60
88.3
111
9.91
5,6
-
FAAM
-
24
252
378
225
less  than 36 
76.8
65
5.00
7
-
GS-YUASA
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

20Ah 2P12S
Toshiba
SCiB™ 20Ah
24
360
190
125
14
27.6
40
1.10
9
23Ah 2P12S (*2)
Toshiba*1
SCiB™ 23Ah
24
360
190
125
15
27.6
45
1.24

(*3)
SAFT-TKMS
VL56E
16
237
586
131
less than 20
52.8
56
2.95

(*4)
SAFT-NAVAL
VL56E
24
345
530
131
less than 30
39.6
112
4.43

(*5)
Liotech
LT-LFP 72
36
270
540
222
64.8
57.2
144
8.23
19
(*6)
Winston Battery
WB-LYP10000AHA
22 or 44?
367
687
756
173
3.2
10000
32
16

*1 Voltage can be adjusted by change of cell connection.
*2 Estimation by using various Toshiba [8,10]
*3 Estimation by using various SAFT publications and TKMS LIB [11,12,13]. Footprint of SAFT-TKMS is assumed to be as same as FAAM.
*4 This model is hypothetical. Change battery change through a hatch with diameter of 650-711mm [15], which is estimated from hatch of Suffren submarine, and cell of VL56E are considered.
*5 Estimation based on battery arrangement of Kilo-class.
*6 LYP = Lithium Yttrium Iron Phosphate, WB-LYP1000AHA shows excellent energy density (185Wh/kg) as Iron Phoshate based battery.

-------

Figures 2. to 7. 

Noting some graphics (like circles) were lost - as they are unfortunately incompatible with blogger html software language.

Battery modules and battery groups based on FAAB cell and latest SAFT VL56E cell are proposed in these figures. Dimension of FAAB battery module is decided based on perspective view of Type 212A and picture of FAAB battery module. The SAFT modules and groups are assumed to be different from SAFT commercial Flex’ionTM Figures 4&6 and 5&7 correspond to SAFT-TKMS and SAFT-NAVAL, respectively. Improvement of FAAB and SAFT cylindrical cells to square type cells will provide increase of energy (e.g., plus 20%).











W=378mm
D=252mm
Width (W) =378mm, 

Depth(D)
=252mm







H=ca.
1100mm
BTU (*1)

BTU



























Top view




Height
(H)
=225mm























Front view

Side view



Front view
Side view
Figure 2.  Battery module consists of 24 FAAB cells

Batter cells (blue solid line) are vertically arranged.

Figure 3.  Battery group consists of 4 layers of [24 FAAB cells]-modules

Battery modules (blue solid line) & battery group (double solid line).
*  Battery Management Unit = BMU







W=530mm






Depth=
345mm




W=586mm




Depth=
273mm





















H=
131mm
Top view





H=
131mm
Top view















Front view



Front view

Figure 4.  Battery module consists of 16 VL56E cells

Battery module consists of 2 battery trays. A battery tray consists of horizontally arranged 8 VL56E cylindrical cells (blue solid line). Inner diameter of submarine hatch is assumed to be 650-711mm.

Figure 5.  Battery module consist of 24 VL56E cells

Battery module consists of 2 battery trays. A battery tray consists of  horizontally arranged 12 VL56E cylindrical cells (blue solid line). Inner diameter of submarine hatch is assumed to be 650-711mm.



W=586mm
D=273mm


W=530mm
D=345mm
H=ca.
1200mm
BTU

BTU


H=ca.
1200mm
BTU

BTU










































Front view
Side view


Front view
Side view
Figure 6.  Battery group consists of 8 layers of [16-VL56E cells]-modules.

Battery modules (blue solid line) & battery group (double solid line) are assumed from pictures of TKMS battery modules and data of SAFT battery cells/modules.

Figure 7.  Battery group consists of 8 layers of [24-VL56E cells]-modules

Structure of battery group (double solid line) is based on Figure 6 and maximum package of battery modules (blue solid line). Height is estimated from curvature of pressure hull and other factors.

-----------

Table 4. - Structures of battery group and energy of battery for LIB-submarine
 (rev 2)

Explanation - Battery Management Unit (BMU) is located on the top of battery group (Table 3 (a)). Adoption of LIBs does not always provide significant increase in absolute energy of batteries. Increase in actual energy due to bigger depth of discharge in LIBs (80%), easy maintenance and higher safety without generation of hydrogen are achieved for LIBs. As output of AIP is not high, increase of LIBs is important to improve performance of submarine at high speed. Adoption of optical mast provides improved freedom of sections and arrangement of batteries. Here batteries are assumed to locate under diesel generator and torpedo sections.

a
Configuration of a battery group:

(BMU ye1low),   battery modules (blue solid line), battery group (double solid line)








































































































































































b
Make
GS-YUASA
SAMSUNG SDI
SAFT-TKMS
SAFT-
NAVAL
FAAM
Liotech-
Floattech
Winston Battery
c
Submarine builder
KHI/MHI
HHI (Hyndai Heavy Industries)
TKMS
NAVAL-ASC
FINCAN-TIERI
Russia
SAAB-DAMEN
SAAB
China
d
Number of battery modules in a battery group
10
8
8
8
4
4
2
2
1
f
Voltage of a battery group [V] (*1)
36
88.3
52.8
39.6
76.8
57.4
51.8
51.8
3.2
g
Energy of a battery group
[kWh]
-
70.2 (*2)
23.6 (*3)
35.5 (*4)
20.0
32.9
37.2 (*5)
24.8 (*5)
32
h
Submarine
Soryu/29SS
3000t-class
2000t-class
Type 212CD
Attack-class
Type 212NFS
Lada, (Amur)
SAAB-DAMEN
A26
Type 039B
i
Number of batteries
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
j
Number of battery strings
(stern+bow *6)
28+28
12+12
8+8
12+12
16+12
0+24
16+16 *9
(8+8)
8+12
8+12
8+8
k
Number of battery groups in a battery string (*7)
12
8
8
12
12
8
8
12
8
12
l
Energy of batteries [MWh]
50
15.2
10.1
6.8
11.9
3.8
8.6(4.3)
8.9
4.0
6.1 *8


*1 Guideline of (f) and (j ) is 400V< (f) x (j) < 800V considering maximum and minimum voltage of battery cell.

*2 SAMSUNG SDI 111Ah cell and 24-cell module

*3 SAFT VL56E cell and 16-cell module

*4 SAFT VL56E cell and 24-cell module

*5 Kokam SLPB160460330 cell and 14-cell module

*6 Stern and bow batteries are placed under diesel generator and torpedo sections, respectively for submarines except Soryu/29SS.

*7 As battery groups and battery strings are directly and parallel connected, respectively.

*8 As diameter of hatch for exchange of WB-LYP 10000AHA is more than 780mm whitch is too big for crew, WB-LYP 10000AHA may be exchanged through hatches on the diesel and torpedo sections with 6-7m in length. Considering that footprint of WB-LYP 10000AHA is 1.32 times bigger than GS-YUASA LIB, that Type 039B is 80% smaller than AIP-Soryu MKI and that Type 039B is tear-drop type double hull structured, Type 098 may equip with ca. 200 battery groups at most (half of Soryu MKI). So, Type 039 equips two batteries of 6.1MW which considerably smaller than reported [18].

*9 12+12 is possible

Reference

[1] http://m.kokam.com/m/?id=245

[2] https://www.est-floattech.com/app/uploads/2019/06/greenorca-technicalbrochure-144dpi.pdf

[3] Estimation based on [2]

[4] https://pushevs.com/2018/04/05/samsung-sdi-94-ah-battery-cell-full-specifications/
Capacity [Wh/kg] = 94Ah x 3.68V / 2.01kg = 173Wh/kg

[5] M8994 E2 module (94Ah) http://www.samsungsdi.com/upload/ess_brochure/Samsung%20SDI%20brochure_EN.pdf

[6] E3-M090 module (111Ah) http://www.samsungsdi.co.kr/upload/ess_brochure/201803_SamsungSDI%20ESS_EN.pdf A comparison between M8994 E2 module (94Ah) vs E3-M090 module (111Ah) suggests same dimension of 94Ah and 111Ah.

[7] https://www.udt-global.com/__media/libraries/sensors-and-processing/116---Vincenzo-Pennino-Slides.pdf

[8] https://www.scib.jp/download/SCiB_toshiba.pdf

[9] https://www.scib.jp/product/module.htm

[10] https://www.scib.jp/product/cell.htm

[11] https://www.saftbatteries.com/products-solutions/products/seanergy-modules?
text=&tech=&market=333&sort=newest&submit=Search&per_page=24
[12]https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/naval-exhibitions/2018/euronaval2018/6606-euronaval-2018-tkms-showcasing-li-ion-battery-prototype-for-ssk.html

[13] https://esut.de/2018/11/meldungen/see/8260/neue-lithium-ionen-batterien-fuer-u-boote/

[14] https://www.liotech.ru/products/akkumulyatory/akkumulyatory-tretego-pokoleniya/
LT-LYP(http://www.enelt.com/?id=530) is also possible cell for submarine, but, its volumetric energy density is lower (93Wh/kg) than LT LFP72 (130Wh/kg).

[15] Hatch diameter range of 650-711mm is based on the followings: i) DSRV’s ( Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle’s) and SRC (Submarine Rescue Chamber’s) can accommodate hatches up to 28 inches (=711mm) in diameter [https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=rg5UAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA698&lpg=PA698&dq=inch+submarine+hatch+diameter&source=bl&ots=Dq9i9R-_k0&sig=ACfU3U1brgtdDbHdZgjBX0XIPNhO8fLkaA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzoLaH6KfmAhXwwosBHTZ1Aa8Q6AEwDXoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=inch%20submarine%20hatch%20diameter&f=false], page698, ii) diameter of small hatch of Japanese submarine are 650mm, and iii) Japanese is smaller than Westerner.

[16] http://en.winston-battery.com/index.php/products/power-battery/category/lyp-battery

[17] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_039A_submarine

Type 039B Length 77.6m, Beam 8.4m, AIP, crew 36, submerged displacement 3600, double hull structure. 039B (upgraded)

[18] https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/yuan-design.htm
“The battery pack consists of 960 pcs of the WB-LYP10000AHA cells making the total energy of 31MWh.”

[19] From the pictures and perspective of battery section in Kilo-class submarine, size of LAB (D=ca.300mm, W=ca.550mm) and number of battery group (n=8) were estimated. And sizes of LIBs for Kilo, Lada and Amur-class are assumed to be same as LABs.


Anonymous


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Search

Poem About Bush Fires

December 16, 2019, 4:20 pm
$
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This year Australia has been wracked by bush fires for weeks. This is before Australia’s hot weather Southern Hemisphere Christmas. This makes The Fire at Ross's Farm, written around 1895 by Australian poet Henry Lawson,especially poignant.

In this excerpt of the poem a rich farmer (“squatter”) seems to want to let his neighbour (Ross’s) small farm burn. But the squatter's daughter (and his conscience) persuades him, and his men, to save Ross’s farm. The poem evokes the insidious nature of fires and how people can work together to stop them:

"...One Christmas time, when months of drought
Had parched the western creeks,
The bush-fires started in the north
And travelled south for weeks.
At night along the river-side
The scene was grand and strange
The hill-fires looked like lighted streets
Of cities in the range.

The cattle-tracks between the trees
Were like long dusky aisles,
And on a sudden breeze the fire
Would sweep along for miles;
Like sounds of distant musketry
It crackled through the brakes,
And o'er the flat of silver grass
It hissed like angry snakes.

It leapt across the flowing streams
And raced o'er pastures broad;
It climbed the trees and lit the boughs
And through the scrubs it roared.
And with the stock the kangaroos
Went flying for their lives.

The sun had set on Christmas Eve,
When, through the scrub-lands wide,
Young Robert Black came riding home
As only natives ride.
He galloped to the homestead door
And gave the first alarm:
‘The fire is past the granite spur,
‘And close to Ross's farm.’

‘Now, father, send the men at once,
‘They won't be wanted here;
‘Poor Ross's wheat is all he has
‘To pull him through the year.’
‘Then let it burn,’ the squatter said;
‘I'd like to see it done —
‘I'd bless the fire if it would clear
‘Selectors from the run.

And there, for three long weary hours,
Half-blind with smoke and heat,
Old Ross and Robert fought the flames
That neared the ripened wheat.
The farmer's hand was nerved by fears
Of danger and of loss;
And Robert fought the stubborn foe
For the love of Jenny Ross

But serpent-like the curves and lines
Slipped past them, and between,
Until they reached the boundary where
The old coach-road had been.
‘The track is now our only hope,
‘There we must stand,’ cried Ross,
‘For nought on earth can stop the fire
If once it gets across.’

Then came a cruel gust of wind,
And, with a fiendish rush,
The flames lit the fence of brush.
‘The crop must burn!’ the farmer cried,
‘We cannot save it now,’
And down upon the blackened ground
He dashed the ragged bough

But wildly, in a rush of hope,
His heart began to beat,
For o'er the crackling fire he heard
The sound of horses' feet.
‘Here's help at last,’ young Robert cried,
And even as he spoke
The squatter with a dozen men
Came racing through the smoke.

Down on the ground the stockmen jumped
And bared each brawny arm,
They tore green branches from the trees
And fought for Ross's farm;
And when before the gallant band
The beaten flames gave way,
Two grimy hands in friendship joined —
And it was Christmas Day."

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Aquabotix SwarmDiver a Micro Diving USV

December 17, 2019, 11:21 pm
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The Aquabotix SwarmDiverTM is a Micro Diving USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle) utilizes swarming technology to act as a single entity. SwarmDiverTM is capable of synchronous vertical diving, is easy to deploy, and has a max dive depth of 50 meters. For Defense and Ocean Research.


Published on Youtube April 11, 2018. Particularly gets interesting 52 seconds in -  describes some military applications and ease of use.

To learn more, visit: https://www.aquabotix.com/

About Aquabotix- It is “Based in Sydney, Australia& Rhode Island/Radford Army Ammunition Plant, USA... Aquabotix focuses on the design and development of micro-sized, swarming autonomous products for a range of defense applications where urgent requirements exist. We provide cutting edge, flexible use man-machine teaming solutions to counter persistent, growing, and developing security threats.”

For example:

https://www.aquabotix.com/swarmdiver-nightline.html “The SwarmDiver NIGHTLINE system was created with special forces operations in mind. The camouflaged, low-visibility exterior and reduced-noise motors allows this vehicle to operate with stealth. Ultraviolet coating supports night-time/low-light environment recovery or lane marking”

and

https://www.aquabotix.com/swarmdiver-stealth.html “SwarmDiver [Stealth] is designed to covertly collect information in littoral environments where waters may be monitored visually or with a range of sensor types. The low profile of SwarmDiver in the water makes visual detection of the vehicles challenging. The low infrared signature also helps ensure detection avoidance for the system.”
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Some non-Carol Music...at Christmas, Submarines at End.

December 21, 2019, 10:12 pm
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Submarine Matters Quiet Due to Fires in Australia

January 6, 2020, 3:39 pm
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Due to fires in Australia SubMatts will be quiet for time being.

I may relocate to Canberra.

I don't know.

Regards

Pete
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Argentina Might Buy 2 Ula Class Submarines from Norway

January 12, 2020, 11:43 pm
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On January 9, 2020 at 3:14 AM Nickyasked  "Hey Pete. What's your take on this. Looks like Argentina is interested in buying the Ula class SSK from Norway. [See] "Argentina: Estudian la compra de dos submarinos noruegos clase 'Ula'"
https://www.elsnorkel.com/2020/01/argentina-estudian-la-compra-de-dos-submarinos-noruegos-clase-ula.html "

Pete's Response

Thanks Nicky for https://www.elsnorkel.com/2020/01/argentina-estudian-la-compra-de-dos-submarinos-noruegos-clase-ula.html about Argentina, Germany and Norway studying the possible Argentine purchase of two 1,000 ton Norwegian Ula class short range submarines.

One problem is the Ulas have been active for 30 years, making them quite old - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula-class_submarine#Vessel_list . After the sinking of the very old ARA San Juan in 2017 many in the Argentine politico-military complex and the public may not be enthusiastic about the Argentine Navy buying subs that are already old - therefore more potentially accident prone.

Another problem is Norway's alliance relations with fellow NATO members, Britain and the US. Britain is in a tense dispute with Argentina over the Falklands/Malvinas islands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute .

The British (and US) may pressure Norway not to export Ula submarines to Argentina. The Falklands/Malvinas islands dispute, of course, resulted in an actual war between Argentina and Britain in 1982 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War . This war put US - Latin America relations under pressure because the US was forced to militarily choose to back Britain in intelligence and supply of some high tech equipment terms (eg. more modern Sidewinder missiles used by Britain Harrier carrier jets (see paragraphs 10 to 12))..

The British saw the Argentine submarine force as very threatening in 1982 and at other times. While the Argentinians found the British submarine force to be deadly https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War#Sinking_of_ARA_General_Belgrano .

On the other hand the British may feel better about Argentina getting very old, more easily detectable, Ula submarines, rather than new, more potent, submarines. Also Norway and other Ula component suppliers and upgraders might be expected to leak vital Ula characteristics and vulnerabilities to Britain...

Pete

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